A Comparison of Shakespeares Prince Hamlet and Machiavelli’s The Princ

A Comparison of Prince Hamlet and Machiavelli's The Princeâ â â â â â â â â â Â Â â Machiavelli expresses that it is essential for a sovereign, who wishes to look after himself, to figure out how not to be acceptable, and utilize this information and not use it, as indicated by the need of the case. Machiavelli's thoughts both thoroughly analyze to the techniques utilized by Hamlet. Hamlet's longing to make the lord distraught and inevitably slaughter him, is the thing that he figures he should do so as to fix things. Hamlet battles to keep up his situation as ruler. Maybe he comes up short on the basic characteristics of a sovereign delineated by Machiavelli. Â As indicated by Machiavelli, the quest for all things viewed as prudent and commendable will just prompt the sovereign's ruin. This is totally obvious on account of Hamlet, since he is on a mission to vindicate his dad's demise. The fight among great and shrewdness is continually in the cutting edge of Hamlet's brain, as he falters between acting common or seeking retribution by and large. In the first place, Hamlet battles to stay great consistently, however this causes him outrageous anguish. Hamlet is a fair man, who laments for his dad. He endures in view of the deceitfulness of the others in the court, particularly his mom and his uncle, and later, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Hamlet can see through them all, and understand that they're untrustworthy. He expresses these words to Guildenstern: Anything besides to th' reason. You were sent for, and there is a sort of admission in your looks, which your modesties have not make enough to shading. I know the great King and Queen hav e sent for you. (Hamlet, II, ii., 278-280) Â Hamlet's genuineness is additionally observed when he is talking with his mom. In act I, scene ii, Gertrude asks him for what reason the de... ...e his objective was to get and hold power. He needed to demonstrate Claudius to be an unfit ruler, and he did as such, however just as Hamlet himself was going to pass on. Hamlet needed to cause anguish by slaughtering the ruler, yet at long last, he is viewed as a legend, since he exposed his dad's executioner. Â Sources Cited and Consulted: Dark, Terry A. Mr. William Shakespeare and the Internet. http://www.palomar.edu/Library/shake.htm. Jones, W. T. Bosses of Political Thought. Ed. Edward, McChesner, and Sait. Vol. 2. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947. Lee A. Jacobus.â A World of Ideas: Essential Readings for College Writers.â fifth version. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1998. Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince. Trans. Slope Thompson. Norwalk: The Easton Press, 1980. Shakespeare, William. The Three-Text Hamlet. Eds. Paul Bertram and Bernice Kliman. New York: AMS Press, 1991.

The Three Little Pigs

Growing up I’m sure numerous children had confidence in all fantasies, giving them the motivation to think everything in life must be great, for instance having the ideal kid/sweetheart and living joyfully ever after with him/her, or being rich and live in this large palace, and getting everything without exception they may need. As we as a whole know in all fantasies there’s constantly a defeat, on the grounds that there’s consistently somebody negative that’s frustrating another person from being glad or free. On account of the Three Little Pigs there was a wolf that harassed three blameless little pigs. The notable fantasy takes its crowd on an excursion of three pigs and a wolf. Albeit most if not all fantasies are pretend, a portion of the things in them are like genuine circumstances. In the wake of perusing the fantasy, it is anything but difficult to relate this invented story to something we face in our general public now which is tormenting. There are a few comparable qualities of the wolf and the normal â€Å"bully† which are not constrained to the way that both anticipate control and accommodation, display physical terrorizing, and feeds on control. In this specific fantasy the wolf assumed the job of a domineering jerk. The wolf chose to torment the pigs until he got what he needed simply like the run of the mill menace. In the fantasy the pigs out hurt the domineering jerk and made him flee crying, shows kids that harassers are not too extreme in terrible within, it’s a front they put on to get what they need and to get regard. As the wolf flees crying gives us that the story is finished and in spite of the fact that they may not say it yet it leaves us to accept the three little pigs are carrying on a cheerfully ever after gratitude to the pig with the block house. As we as a whole know that’s not really how a genuine story may end, the harasser may flee crying however it as a rule returns multiple times harder. Menaces are typically the meanest looking individuals around, generally greater than there casualties, and furthermore frightening looking. Tormenting unravels nothing; it messes more up, and gives the foes low confidence for the following individual. Most domineering jerks typically meet there coordinate simply like in the fantasy the Three Little Pigs. The domineering jerk played with the two most fragile pigs first and he won, yet the third pig set out to appear as something else and faced him and beat the competition leaving the harasser with a face brimming with tears and a hot base from attempting to slither down the fireplace. That’s at times everything necessary is for that one individual to develop the guts to confront a domineering jerk, not to advance viciousness yet once in a while that might be the main way out. The third little pig cut on bubbling water when the wolf was attempting to get down his stack to show him a thing or two they’ve been implying to him the whole time, and that was simply to disregard them. The harasser needed to be insatiable and to get what he needed, and wound up getting an unexpected end result. In the story we may know there’s three little pig siblings that all intended to live in isolated homes now that their more established. The initial two pigs assembled their homes out of sticks and straw, the wolf tagged along and handily blew their home down. The last pig was the most intelligent on the grounds that he fabricated his home out of blocks, and by and by along came the large awful wolf. The wolf originally thumped and the pig addressed yes who’s there, and the wolf said it’s a poor little sheep searching for food let me in. The pig wasn’t tricked and didn’t let him in so the wolf started attempting to fit and puff and blow his home down as he did to his siblings. The wolf attempted and attempted until he turned blue however the house wouldn’t move. The wolf at that point recognized the fireplace and chose to go down it to get in. The pig heard him so he started bubbling high temp water and included fire then the wolf got set ablaze. Notice I never referenced what befell the pigs after the wolf blew their homes down, leaving us to accept that the pigs all carried on a joyfully ever after. Well not in the commented on Three Little Pigs from London, by David Nutt, the initial two pigs were eaten by the wolf after he huffed and puffed and blew their home down. Toward the end the third little pig bubbled and ate the wolf after it descended the stack and fell in the bubbling water. In the Walt Disney story for the Three Little Pigs, when the wolf blew the first pig’s house down he hurried to the second pig’s house made of sticks. The wolf came there and blew his home down and they hurried to their brother’s house with the blocks. At that point when the wolf attempted to descend the fireplace they did anyway bubble high temp water and include some warmth. Rather than the wolf stalling out in the pot and getting eaten by the pig, the warmth flew the wolf directly pull out of the smokestack. The Three Little Pigs show youngsters ethics through intriguing stories. At the point when it was first made it was called â€Å"The Wolf and the seven Young children. † That rendition and the Walt Disney adaptation show duty in light of the fact that the pigs needed to assemble their own home for security from the wolf. Obligation is something all adaptations of the Three Little Pigs share. The pigs are autonomous, indicating that difficult work is constantly granted and trust me it truly is. Additionally in the Disney adaptation when the pigs were all together, and the wolf was attempting his hardest to get in. the pigs confronted him as one in the block house and really sent him home crying. That just shows cooperation, holding, and courage; and it could likewise enable an individual to face life conflicts all through life. The wolf had no still, small voice or cares when it went to the results to his activities. Which is much the same as a domineering jerk nowadays, they don’t care about getting in a difficult situation what so ever. Those are the ones we for the most part find in prison till this day. Toward the finish of the story when the wolf attempted to go down the stack and get scorched, represents that terrible conduct isn't acknowledged and it in the long run prompts some discipline. I’ve referenced collaboration and obligation. For instance when there’s a youngster viewing the film they’re not going to consider how the pigs collaborated and brought down the wolf and consider it cooperation or holding. Thought the youngsters simply appear to be so into the pigs, after it I’m sure they become familiar with a little duty and some great ethics throughout everyday life. Taking a gander at the Brothers Grimm version†¦ The examination of the two stories are to some degree the equivalent in spite of the fact that the London rendition of the story might be more vicious than the story we may know, there both comparative on the grounds that the third little pig accomplished something his siblings didn’t which is think carefully and face the harasser as it were. At the point when you read the London adaptation it appears it’s simpler to identify with on the grounds that it’s progressively like a genuine story. The initial two little pigs got ate since they weren’t thinking carefully; the third pig was more brilliant than his sibling and endure.

Financing Your Business through Venture Capital

Financing Your Business through Venture Capital © Shutterstock.com | DRogatnevIn this article, we will start with 1) an introduction to venture capital and 2) venture capital terms you should know, continuing then with 3) people behind venture capital funds, 4) how to choose the right VC fund for a business, 5) the process of getting venture capital funding, and 6) a conclusion.INTRODUCTION TO VENTURE CAPITALWh ­en a new business is started, money is required to launch it, to pay employees, and to rent space, furniture, equipment, supplies etc. Often, ventures are financed through means other than banks and financial institutions, which may refuse financing due to a number of reasons including high risk or innovative business ideas. In such cases, venture capital is a good way to finance your venture. Funds lent by investors to startups and small businesses with expected longer term growth potential, is venture capital. It is investing in an enterprise where there is a substantial element of risk for the investor, yet it has the potential for greater than average returns.Venture capital funding is most often in the form of cash for a share in the equity of the startup. Most VC comes from an investor group, investment banks or other funding enterprises. These investors are not merely funding your venture, they also are experts of their field and will want to have a say in the administration and running of your business.There are some differences between venture capital and traditional funding. The most important ones are:VC focuses on startup business and young companies that are expected to grow exponentially.VC invests cash in exchange of equity, which means that the VC’s have a more active role as compared to traditional funding sources where there is no investment but a cash loan is provided.VC invests in companies that are high risk, but expected to yield higher returns.The investment provided by VC is for a longer term than traditional finance.VC has an active directorial governance of the enterprise , as also in strategic marketing, and technical guardianship, etc.VC funding is conditional to the enterprise going public at the end of a period of 3 â€" 7 years in the hope that by then the company will have become profitable and the equity can be cashed and profit booked. The cash thus realized for VC firm is put back into the fund. A successful cycle for the VC fund portfolio is to profit manifold over the original investments. The profits are disbursed to the investors according to their contribution percentage of the fund.For example, a fund invests $100 million in 10 companies ($10 million each). Some of these will fail, some stand still, and some may do well enough to go public. Those that eventually go public, may be worth a hundred million dollars. From a $100 million total bet, a fund may yield $200 million over a 3 -7 year period. The law of averages works here with the successful ventures covering up for the not so successful investments for the VC. The skill of the art is, Knowledge.VENTURE CAPITAL TERMS YOU SHOULD KNOWEquity capitalEquity capital or funding, means cash raised by an enterprise in return for a share of ownership in the company. It is represented by outright ownership of shares and stock, or a legal agreement and status to convert other financial instruments into stock. Key sources of equity are angel investors and VC firms. VC is long term or “patient capital”, which gives startup firms time to mature as profitable entities before encashing the investment.Venture fundA classic approach for VC firm is to open a fund; i.e. a pool of money, attracted from wealthy individuals, companies, and pension funds, etc., for the VC firm to invest. The firm raises a fixed amount for the fund.Seed fundingWhen a private individual or investor finances a startup in its initial stages, it is known as seed funding. The amount invested as seed capital or seed money is dependent entirely upon the investor’s whim. The money is invested in exchang e for an equity share in the startup. This is very early stage funding, to support a venture until it can sustain itself, or is ready for more investment. Seed options include family, friends, angels, and crowdfunding.Series A FinanceThe initial phase of finance for a young firm venture after seed investment is called Series A Finance. Generally, it is the first opportunity offered to external investors to make an investment in a startup. Series A may be in the form of preferred stock and include non-dilution exceptions, in the event that a further financing round occurs in the future.  Known also as ‘A round’ financing, it tends to occur when a company is generating some revenue, but rarely will a business generate net profits at this stage.Second RoundIt is the financing of working capital  for early stage companies that are selling products, but not quite yielding a profit. This is also known as a ‘Series B’ round.Bridge FinancingWhen a startup requires extra funding betw een full VC rounds it called Bridge Financing. This is typically to raise small amounts rather than a full funding. Generally the existing investors will fund the bridge finance too, but it is not essential that they do so.Capital call or Draw downThis is a legal call by a company that has been promised funding to demand it of its investors. Sometimes, the VC also face a cash crunch due to slow financial market or other related reasons, under such circumstances, they are unable to find the money required to invest in a company that they had promised to fund. Under such conditions, the company can legally demand the funds it has been promised by the VC.PEOPLE BEHIND VENTURE CAPITAL FUNDSWho runs a VC fund, and their powers?Former entrepreneurs, financial professionals, and similarly experienced individuals set up VC funds. These individuals are called the GP’s or the general partners. They are the people who decide the size, investment options, and offers of a VC fund. Based upon t hese recommendations, suggestions and offering memorandum, investors who wish to become the limited partners or LP’s invest their money in the fund.GPs They are the people who manage the VC fund and make investment decisions on its behalf. GP’s typically place personal capital up to 1 2% of the fund’s total amount to show their commitment to the LP’s.Venture Partners They are the deal brokers for the fund. These are the partners who find the investment options for the fund and its partners. They get a percentage of the deals they introduce as compensation.Principals They are mid-level players in the fund and are often working their way up to the position of becoming a partner in a fund. They are generally people who have risen up the ranks from associates to senior associates. They often have commensurate expertise in an allied field, such as  management consulting, or a sector that’s of keen interest to the VC fund’s strategy.Associates This is an entry level posit ion in the VC. They may rise through the ranks if they are good enough. Normally, to become an associate in a VC, the person has to have a few years’ experience in an allied field such as investment banking and management consultancy.Entrepreneur in Residence EIR’s are the resident evaluators of the VC funds. They are generally experts of their field and are entrusted to study any potential investment opportunity, sound it out and approve it before the VC makes an offer for investment. EIR’s are temporarily commissioned by VC firms, typically for periods of six to eighteen months.HOW TO CHOOSE THE RIGHT VC FUND FOR A BUSINESSChoosing the right fund for your business very important. You need to know which funds are interested in your line of business before you approach them. Do your research about a fund by defining your needs and asking questions such as:Do I need funding?What type of funding do I need?What is the stage of my firm’s development, and what level of VC invest ment is sought?What is the quantum of funding the firm requires?Once you have determined your own requirements then you can begin your research on the VC funds that might be interested in your firm. Research the VC firms by:Finding out as much as they can about a fund: Internet has provided you a powerful tool to discover more about the VC you are interested in. look up the internet to learn about the firm and what is being said about it on the social media. This will provide you with a clear enough picture to determine whether the VC is for you or not.Asking Questions about the funding and viability of the fund: Study the investment pattern of the fund. If it hasn’t made an investment in the past few months, it could mean that the fund might be facing finance crunch. Also look into the average size of the funding to know how much funding you can expect.Discovering the fund cycle and pace: Most funds have a fund cycle and pace at which they fund new ventures. They may be funding o nly so many ventures in a quarter. If their quota is over, it is useless expecting them to invest with you.Whether the partners in the fund work well together: A fund where the partners all work together well is the one you should associate yourself with. Cohesiveness is important since these people are going to be sitting on your management board and directing your business to an extent. If there is no harmony it is bound to affect your enterprise too.Look for the perfect angel investor: Pick out your angel investors wisely. Look for people who are well connected in the VC world and will help you later in finding a VC to invest in your idea.Choose wisely: Above all, choose your VC wisely. Do not hurry into the contract look at all the pros and cons before accepting an offer.If you are looking for a venture capital fund here is a good resource of the top 100 Funds that invest in early stage startups.THE PROCESS OF GETTING VENTURE CAPITAL FUNDINGOverall, the process of VC funding usu ally involves several phases in a companys development, which generally follow these steps:Step 1: Preparing a Business Plan.This is perhaps the most important part of the process of VC funding. You need to have a detailed business plan with all the various stages of your venture described in detail including the financial outlay for each stage. It should systematically assess all factors critical to the business and its goals. It should be accompanied with a Mission Statement which is a concise outline of your business and summarizes the intended business purpose, goals and exactly how they will be executed. Focus on the specialty market intending to be served and the USP of your venture. More often, specialists fare better with VCs.Step 2: Contacting VCs and pitching business idea.The next step is to find a VC and to present your business plan to them in order to interest them in your project and get a promise for investment. Ensure that you include the resumes of all the major pe ople involved in your enterprise and their previous experience in similar projects. It helps if you concentrate on the following:People behind the firm: VC’s are more interested in the potential of the people who are behind the idea being pitched to them. They are more likely to be interested in projects where the associated people have a track record of some sort and have experience in their field. Also passion and enthusiasm for the project also affects the decisions of VC’s.Try to get referrals : VC’s place a much higher priority on companies and entrepreneurs that are referred or endorsed by people they know and trust. This is why it is important to have angel investors or consultants who are well known or connected in the VC world. They can then get you a warm introduction which can go a long way in settling the decision in your favor.Gain traction, follow up: Before the VC’s loosen their pockets for you they need to be sure that you have the wherewithal to deliver what you promise and that your project has market potential. This may necessitate a pilot project or beta testing to demonstrate the market traction. Follow up the market test with reports that can be displayed to the VCs to convince them off the viability of your project.Step 3: First Contact with VC (a call with an associate).You start at the bottom with an associate of the VC looking over your Mission statement or business plan to determine whether the VC would be interested in your project or not. This is the person who determines the future of your venture at a VC. If the associate is convinced of the idea, he then schedules a call to speak to you about the project and where you wish to take it. If this goes well then the your file moves along to the next level to a partner meeting where you plan may be discussed.Step 4: First Meeting.If your plan is good enough to interest a partner, you may be invited to a meeting. This initial meeting could be scheduled at their office or your o ffice, whichever is more convenient for both parties. You can expect to be asked the following during this meeting:What is your experience and your educational background and other such questions that may give them insight about you and your abilities.Details of your team members and their qualifications and experience to gauge the overall expertise of the entire team.Who or what you perceive as your competitors and how your project will match up to the competition.About Product Differentiation.Whether you are aware of your market and its size.What exactly your funding requirements are.If you arrive at a general valuation range that suits both parties, the partner may require a presentation in person, or via videoconferencing to their associates.Step 5: Initial Due Diligence.Once the partners are satisfied with their interaction with you and your presentation of your project. They may ask for your financial records to go through them to ascertain the health and viability of your com pany. They may also ask to speak to your team members and customers to gauge your worth.Step 6: Term Sheet.If all is proceeding positively, the VC firm may furnish you with a term sheet. This document contains the details of all the terms and conditions under which you are being offered the money. This is generally about three to ten pages and is indicative of an investment interest. The VC, with the term sheet, is attempting to forge agreement around the general terms of a deal before lawyers create a thorough investment agreement proposal.Step 7: Negotiations (about valuation and other terms).Go over the term sheet with your lawyer and if there are any areas you feel need to be negotiated, mark them out to be discussed with a partner or an associate. Bear in mind that a term sheet contains comprehensive protection clauses for the VC, these can significantly reduce any valuation to an entrepreneur. Its vital to engage an experienced lawyer with you, to negotiate a term sheet. This process may take several months. Your negotiating power is limited by certain factor such as your need for money, you and your firm’s reputation, the need for the finance, experience, market conditions, etc.Step 8: Complete due diligence.This may require a full disclosure of all your financial records, documents, contracts, etc. The VCs have to know all about your project before they hand over their money to you. You need not be scared, just provide the information asked for. Remember, they are going to be part owners in your venture as well as co-administrators and decision makers, so there is nothing to hide here really.This due diligence will cover many aspects including:Full business planDetailed sales pipeline by customer typeDetailed operational plan and budgetHiring planDetailed revenue assumptionsAudited financial statementsBank reconciliation detailProduct Pricing listDetailed product roadmapCustomer, Employee, Insurance, and Lease contractsRelevant whitepapers and analys t coverageDetails on IT infrastructureCurrent partner listLead generation processesCustomer satisfaction surveyCustomer reference listDetails on intellectual propertyCurrent capitalization chart with options detailOrganizational chartSalary and bonus structure for companyEmployee turnoverManagement background checksCompetitive analysisExpected acquirersPast board meeting minuteStep 9: Investment documents and signing them.Signing terms prematurely, before completing due diligence is construed as a desperate act. However, assuming progress, you will receive a final investment document from the VC’s lawyer. Review it closely with your legal team and negotiate required alterations. Pay attention to any representations or warranties you are confirming as an officer of the company, and also personally. A final investment document usually states:Share Purchase Agreement;Investor Rights Agreement;Right of First Refusal and Co-Sale Agreement;Voting Agreement.VCs dont generally want the co mmon shares that exist when a company is founded; they want preferred shares as they have a number of protections, like liquidation preferences and voting rights. These provide VC’s with downside protection and control.Step 10: Execution with VC support.Once the documents are signed, the VCs start taking active interest in the enterprise. Typically the funds are not invested in one go. They are released over a period of time and are most often linked with milestones completed.Step 11: Exit.Though VCs are investing in you for a longer term than traditional financer would, they are in it only to nurture you and take you so far, book a profit and then take their leave of your venture. This process may take about 4-7 years. The exits are planned through merger, or acquisitions, or through going public and launching an IPO.CONCLUSIONOf the thousands companies with business plans that apply a vast majority never get anywhere near a VC. Hundreds of applications are examined each day and may be just one or two of those may make it anywhere beyond an associate’s desk. So the question rises, how likely is it to get venture capital funding?If you are in a severe cash crunch and have a winning business plan, you may try the VCs for funding. Overwhelmingly, VCs prefer to invest in any enterprise after its potential has been exampled and an investor’s risk diminished. VC’s are choosy! In a free capitalist market place there is always more hope than actual success.By building a venture to a level where its potential is self-evident, one is more assured of attracting several VC funds. This enables one to choose the better VC fit for an enterprise, to negotiate preferable terms, while retaining more of the business and its control. But if you already have a proven business plan, then do you really need a VC in the long run? You would be handing over a large piece of your pie and administrative rights to a VC in exchange for finance.There are no simple remedies here. VC ’s could be the greatest thing to happen to a company or the worst scenario. The choice is to finance a startup oneself, and for the time being stay small, or take a risk and seek venture capital. However, be aware that in the marriage, there is no divorce.Just because one reads about venture capital, the venture capitalists, and their publicized winners, does not automatically translate to one receiving a slice of that VC fund. So think before you waste your precious time chasing the VC dream.

A Raisin Of The Sun By Lorraine Hansberry And Eveline

Fear can control peoples’ actions. This is demonstrated in two very different texts. One is titled A Raisin in the sun and the other is titled Eveline. A Raisin of the Sun is by Lorraine Hansberry and Eveline is by James Joyce. These works of literature were done at different times and by authors with very different backgrounds. A Raisin in the sun and Eveline have the same story line, but uses different styles of writing, elements, and outcomes to express the significance of the character’s behavior and thought process. Both works of literature is composed around the characters’ challenging lives. These characters are exhausted of their situation. They want to escape, but must overcome a looming hurdle. Fear, fear of failing, is their biggest hurdle and influence. These works takes the reader on a journey into discovering the characters’ choices and reasoning. These two literary works are written in two different styles. Eveline is written in the form of a short story. In the short story, the point of view is in third person. The Story gives a detail description of the nature of the setting and feelings that are portrayed by the character, Eveline. A Raisin in the sun is written in the nature of a Play. That means it is meant to be relayed in a theater with actors and actresses demonstrating the story from their own perspectives. There is a lot more dialogue in a play than in a short story. The play takes up more Symbolism plays a big part in Eveline. An example is a

Exploring the Art and Architecture of Alhambra

Guidelines on Writing a Research Proposal Free Essays

string(131) " paragraph outlines your expected results, how you will interpret them, and how they will fit into the our larger understanding i\." Guidelines on writing a research proposal Introduction This is a guide to writing M. A. research proposals. We will write a custom essay sample on Guidelines on Writing a Research Proposal or any similar topic only for you Order Now The same principles apply to dissertation proposals and to proposals to most funding agencies. It includes a model outline, but advisor, committee and funding agency expectations vary and your proposal will be a variation on this basic theme. Use these guidelines as a point of departure for discussions with your advisor. They may serve as a straw-man against which to build your understanding of both your project and of proposal writing. For USM students, the same rules apply as for proposals everywhere in the world. Proposal Writing Proposal writing is important to your pursuit of a graduate degree. The proposal specifies what you will do, how you will do it, and how you will interpret the results. In specifying what will be done it also gives criteria for determining whether it is done. In approving the proposal, your committee gives their best judgment that the approach to the research is reasonable and likely to yield the anticipated results. Both parties benefit from an agreed upon plan. The objective in writing a proposal is to describe what you will do, why it should be done, how you will do it and what you expect will result. Being clear about these things from the beginning will help you complete your thesis in a timely fashion. A good thesis proposal hinges on a good idea. Once you have a good idea, you can draft the proposal in an evening. Getting a good idea hinges on familiarity with the topic. This assumes a longer preparatory period of reading, observation, discussion, and incubation. Read everything that you can in your area of interest. Figure out what are the important and missing parts of our understanding. Figure out how to build/discover those pieces. Live and breathe the topic. Talk about it with anyone who is interested. Then just write the important parts as the proposal. Filling in the things that we do not know and that will help us know more: that is what research is all about. Proposals help you estimate the size of a project. Don’t make the project too big. Your proposal will be perhaps five pages and certainly no more than fifteen pages long. For perspective, the American National Science Foundation limits the length of proposal narratives to 15 pages, even when the request might be for multiple hundreds of thousands of dollars. It is the merit of the proposal which counts, not the weight. ) Shoot for five pithy pages that indicate to a relatively well-informed audience that you know the topic and how its logic hangs together, rather than fifteen or twenty pages that indicate that you have read a lot of things but not yet boiled it down to a set of prioritized linked questions. Different Theses, Similar Proposals In the abstract all proposals are very similar. They need to show a reasonably informed reader why a particular topic is important to address and how you will do it. To that end, a proposal needs to show how your work fits into what is already known about the topic and what new contribution your work will make. Specify the question that your research will answer, establish why it is a significant question, show how you are going to answer the question, and indicate what you expect we will learn. The proposal should situate the work in the literature, it should show why this is an (if not the most) important question to answer in the field, and convince your committee that your approach will in fact result in an answer to the question. Theses which address research questions that can be answered by making plan-able observations (and hypothesis testing) are preferred and perhaps the easiest to write. Because they address well-bounded topics, they can be very tight, but they do require more planning on the front end. Theses which re largely based on synthesis of observations, rumination, speculation, and opinion formation are harder to write, and usually not as convincing, often because they address questions which are not well-bounded and essentially unanswerable. Literature review-based theses involve collection of information from the literature, distillation of it, and coming up with new insight on an issue. One problem with this type of research is that you might find the perfect succinct answer to your question on the night before (or after) you turn in the final draft — in someone else’s work. This certainly can knock the wind out of your sails. (But note that even a straight-ahead science thesis can have the problem of late in the game discovering that the work you have done or are doing has already been done, this is where familiarity with the relevant literature by both yourself and your committee members is important. ) A Couple of Models for Proposals A Two Page (Preliminary Proposal) Model Here is a model for a very brief (maybe five paragraph) proposal that you might use to interest faculty in sitting on your committee. People who are not yet hooked may especially appreciate its brevity. In the first paragraph, the first sentence identifies the general topic area. The second sentence gives the research question, and the third sentence establishes its significance. The next couple of paragraphs gives the larger historical perspective on the topic. Essentially list the major schools of thought on the topic and very briefly review the literature in the area with its major findings. Who has written on the topic and what have they found? Allocate about a sentence per important person or finding. Include any preliminary findings you have, and indicate what open questions are left. Restate your question in this context, showing how it fits into this larger picture. The next paragraph describes your methodology. It tells how will you approach the question, what you will need to do it. The final paragraph outlines your expected results, how you will interpret them, and how they will fit into the our larger understanding i. You read "Guidelines on Writing a Research Proposal" in category "Free Research Paper Samples" e. , ‘the literature’. The (Longer) Standard Model The Basic Thesis Outline Introduction Topic area Research question (finding? ) Significance to knowledge Literature review Previous research others yours Interlocking findings and Unanswered questions Your preliminary work on the topic The remaining questions and inter-locking logic Reprise of your research question(s) in this context Methodology Approach Data needs Analytic techniques Plan for interpreting results Results Discussion and Conclusions Bibliography You get the idea of what the proposal does for you and organizing your thoughts and approach. The section below goes into slightly more (boring) detail on what each of the points in the outline is and does. The Sections of the Proposal The Introduction Topic Area A good title will clue the reader into the topic but it cannot tell the whole story. Follow the title with a strong introduction. The introduction provides a brief overview that tells a fairly well informed (but perhaps non-specialist) reader what the proposal is about. It might be as short as a single page, but it should be very clearly written, and it should let one assess whether the research is relevant to their own. With luck it will hook the reader’s interest. What is your proposal about? Setting the topical area is a start but you need more, and quickly. Get specific about what your research will address. Question Once the topic is established, come right to the point. What are you doing? What specific issue or question will your work address? Very briefly (this is still the introduction) say how you will approach the work. What will we learn from your work? Significance Why is this work important? Show why this is it important to answer this question. What are the implications of doing it? How does it link to other knowledge? How does it stand to inform policy making? This should show how this project is significant to our body of knowledge. Why is it important to our understanding of the world? It should establish why I would want to read on. It should also tell me why I would want to support, or fund, the project. Literature Review State of our knowledge The purpose of the literature review is to situate your research in the context of what is already known about a topic. It need not be exhaustive; it needs to show how your work will benefit the whole. It should provide the theoretical basis for your work, show what has been done in the area by others, and set the stage for your work. In a literature review you should give the reader enough ties to the literature that they feel confident that you have found, read, and assimilated the literature in the field. It should probably move from the more general to the more focused studies, but need not be exhaustive, only relevant. Outstanding questions This is where you present the holes in the knowledge that need to be plugged and by so doing, situate your work. It is the place where you establish that your work will fit in and be significant to the discipline. This can be made easier if there is literature that comes out and says â€Å"Hey, this is a topic that needs to be treated! What is the answer to this question? † and you will sometimes see this type of piece in the literature. Research Questions in Detail Your work to date Tell what you have done so far. It might report preliminary studies that you have conducted to establish the feasibility of your research. It should give a sense that you are in a position to add to the body of knowledge. Methodology Overview of approach This section should make clear to the reader the way that you intend to approach the research question and the techniques and logic that you will use to address it. Data Collection This might include the field site description, a description of the instruments you will use, and particularly the data that you anticipate collecting. You may need to comment on site and resource accessibility in the time frame and budget that you have available, to demonstrate feasibility, but the emphasis in this section should be to fully describe specifically what data you will be using in your study. Part of the purpose of doing this is to detect flaws in the plan before they become problems in the research. Data Analysis This should explain in some detail how you will manipulate the data that you assembled to get at the information that you will use to answer your question. It will include the tools that you will use in processing the data, such as the type of interviews you will undertake, statistical software and techniques (if you’re doing a quantitative study), survey instruments, or any innovative approach you’re developing. It probably should also include an indication of the range of outcomes that you could reasonably expect from your observations. Interpretation In this section you should indicate how the anticipated outcomes will be interpreted to answer the research question. It is extremely beneficial to anticipate the range of outcomes from your analysis, and for each know what it will mean in terms of the answer to your question. Expected Results This section should give a good indication of what you expect to get out of the research. It should join the data analysis and possible outcomes to the theory and questions that you have raised. It will be a good place to summarize the significance of the work. It is often useful from the very beginning of formulating your work to write one page for this section to focus your reasoning as you build the rest of the proposal. Bibliography This is the list of the relevant works. There is no reason to cite irrelevant literature but it may be useful to keep track of it even if only to say that it was examined and found to be irrelevant. Use a standard format. Order the references alphabetically. Tips and Tricks Read. Read everything you can find in your area of interest. Read. Read. Read. Take notes, and talk to your advisor about the topic. If your advisor won’t talk to you, find another one or rely on ‘the net’ for intellectual interaction. Email has the advantage of forcing you to get your thoughts into written words that can be refined, edited and improved. It also gets time stamped records of when you submitted what to your advisor and how long it took to get a response. Write about the topic a lot, and don’t be afraid to tear up (delete) passages that just don’t work. Often you can re-think and re-type faster than than you can edit your way out of a hopeless mess. The advantage is in the re-thinking. Very early on, generate the research question, critical observation, interpretations of the possible outcomes, and the expected results. These are the core of the project and will help focus your reading and thinking. Modify them as needed as your understanding increases. Use some systematic way of recording notes and bibliographic information from the very beginning. The classic approach is a deck of index cards. You can sort, regroup, layout spatial arrangements and work on the beach. Possibly a slight improvement is to use a word-processor file that contains bibliographic reference information and notes, quotes etc. that you take from the source. This can be sorted, searched, diced and sliced in your familiar word-processor. You may even print the index cards from the word-processor if you like the ability to physically re-arrange things. Even better for some, is to use specialized bibliographic database software. Papyrus, Journler, EndNote, and other packages are available for PCs and MacIntoshs. Another pointer is to keep in mind from the outset that this project is neither the last nor the greatest thing you will do in your life. It is just one step along the way. Get it done and get on with the next one. Cover your topic, but don’t confuse it with too many loosely relevant side lines. The balance between Introduction and Literature Review needs to be thought out. The reader will want to be able to figure out whether to read the proposal. The literature review should be sufficiently inclusive that the reader can tell where the bounds of knowledge lie. It should also show what has been done and what seem to be accepted approaches in the field and the kinds of results that are being gotten. Useful References: Krathwohl, David R. 1988. How to Prepare a Research Proposal: Guidelines for Funding and Dissertations in the Social and Behavioral Sciences . Syracuse University Press. Recent National Science Foundations Guidelines for Research Proposals can be found on the NSF website, www. nsf. gov. Chamberlain, T. C. â€Å"The Method of Multiple Working Hypotheses†, reprinted in Science, Vol 148, pp754-759. 7 May 1965. Platt, J. â€Å"Strong Inference† in Science, Number 3642, pp. 347-353, 16 October 1964. Strunk and White The Elements of Style Turabian, Kate. 1955 (or a more recent edition) A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses and Dissertations, University of Chicago Press. Mortimer J. Adler and Charles Van Doren. 1940 (’67, ’72 etc). How to Read a Book. Simon and Schuster Publishers. New York City, NY. How to cite Guidelines on Writing a Research Proposal, Essays

Love and Morning From the Perspective of John Donne and Sylvia Plath Essay Essay Example

Love and Morning: From the Perspective of John Donne and Sylvia Plath Essay Paper John Donne’s The Good-Morrow and Sylvia Plath’s Morning Song at first glimpse. seem to speak about two different things. However. if one were to analyse the deepness of these two verse forms. it will finally uncover its shared positions about love and its distinguishable relation to forenoon. Both poems reveal an overpowering feeling of love that is influenced by another person. For Donne. it was his love involvement while for Plath. it was one of her kids. The two verse forms every bit used colourful imagination of love in its early phases. although taken into different contexts. Donne’s foremost few lines in The Good-Morrow had described his romantic feelings toward his lover by throwing inquiries of his worthiness in love. In lines 2 to 4. he compares his past life to that of an baby being weaned from the bottle or chest. in order to fulfill his infantile caprices. This could besides denote a lubricious yesteryear in which he had looked for instant satisfaction as that of a kid. merely to happen that the right love could merely be understood with a mature mentality in life ( 3 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Love and Morning: From the Perspective of John Donne and Sylvia Plath Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Love and Morning: From the Perspective of John Donne and Sylvia Plath Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Love and Morning: From the Perspective of John Donne and Sylvia Plath Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer With respect to Plath’s Morning Song. lines 13 to 15 pigment a different image of a kid in the context of love as she sees the act of suckling as a mark of her contentment in being a female parent. Lines 1 T o3 expresses her joy in the birth of her kid as she merely describes the unbeatable nexus of a female parent to her kid. In peculiar. line 3 indicates the admiration of life through love when Plath states â€Å"Took its topographic point among the elements† ( 48 ) when she describes the birth of her kid. Line 4 conveys her felicity at the reaching of her kid. tie ining the baby to a statue in a museum. and she. a mere astonished observer. This is in contrast with Donne’s position in his verse form when he wrote in line 19 â€Å"Whatever dies was non assorted equally† ( 3 ) . What Donne referred to in this line is an old belief that described the cause of decease as an instability in the organic structure. This line signifies Donne’s hope that the love that he and his lover shared would do them every bit whole. Both lines described the powerful connexion that they have with their loved 1s. yet it was illustrated in opposing contexts as life and decease. Another notable similarity of the two verse forms lies in their positions of being united with their loved 1. Lines 7 to 9 of Plath’s poem fundamentally illustrate the unity that she feels toward her babe when she speaks of non seeing her ain contemplation in the presence of her kid. In Donne’s verse form. line 15 corresponds to a combined impression of oneself with his loved 1. as he states â€Å"My face in thine oculus. thine in mine appears† ( 3 ) . In the context of forenoon. both verse forms take on a apparently parallel class to depict the joy one feels in showing love. Lines 8 to 14 of Donne’s poem vibrantly illustrates the connexion he feels toward his loved one when he likens the meeting to a salutation of psyches as they both start afresh. merely as the morning of a new twenty-four hours signals another twenty-four hours to populate. Donne besides describes this fortunate meeting as an recognition of his loved one’s significance in his universe as he points out that his being simply coincides with the presence of his lover ( 3 ) . As for Plath. the position of forenoon is entirely dedicated to her joy in being a female parent as she creatively narrates her experiences in nursing her kid. Lines 10 to 15 chiefly depict how she looks frontward to waking up every forenoon as she awakens to the sound of her child’s call due to hunger ( 48 ) . Line 18 of Plath’s poem to the full conceives the impression as to why she looks frontward to anew twenty-four hours. Her forenoon vocal is the call of her babe in the forenoon. depicting it as â€Å"The clear vowels rise like balloons† ( 48 ) . Based on the analysis of Donne’s verse form. one could infer that the mentions made to a kid in depicting childish love is seen as a ephemeral stage from an unconstructive feeling to pure esteem and content. Donne shows the ripening of love as though it was a life and eupneic animal. In Plath’s vision. love was embodied concretely in the bond between parent and kid. specifically between a female parent and her kid. Plath depicts a kind of love that is basic and nurturing ; one that does non anticipate reciprocality or uncertainness. but a deepness of feeling that could merely be felt through the birth of life. Both of these verse forms have described two types of love that we may see in our life-time and their poetic disclosures indicate that life is riddled with minutes that are full of love. Plants Cited: Donne. John. â€Å"The Good-Morrow. † Poems of John Donne. Ed. E. K. Chambers. London: Lawrence A ; Bullen. 1896. 3. Plath. Sylvia. â€Å"Morning Song. † The Norton Introduction to Literature. Ed. Booth. Alison. J. Paul Hunter. and Kelly J. Mays. 9th erectile dysfunction. New York: W. W. Norton. 1961. 48.