The Importance Of Interacting With Children And Youth On...

According to the article, â€Å"Interacting with Children and Youth on Issues of Diversity and Bias†, children develop cultural and racial recognition and attitudes at the age of two through twelve. Children gradually develop cultural and racial perspective from an uncomplicated awareness to a more complicated understanding. Children at the age of two are just aware about physical characteristics, like eye shape, color, skin and hair color. At the age of three and four children are aware about their own and other people’s physical characteristics. They will ask their parents and educators how they got their physical characteristics like skin, hair and eye color. At the age of five, children begin to frame their own ethnicity. From six to eight,†¦show more content†¦So then Muslims and Mexicans made marches and responded to the aggressions. More over when president Trump ordered that all the people without a legal status in this country be deported, many people from different ethnic groups got together to protest and change that inequality. The collaboration between different ethnic groups is essential to form multicultural communities (Ramsey, 2004). Peer interaction and relationship is one of the most important interpersonal skills that really support true multicultural education. According to the article, Interacting with Children and Youth on Issues of Diversity and Bias, â€Å"Children do not develop their attitudes about differences in insolation†. Children have to interact every day in order to learn more from their classmates’ cultures and traditions. The everyday interactions are very important because they help children have a connection with other children from different cultural groups. Professionals are responsible in creating a convenient environment with the appropriate equipment and furniture for social interactions. The furniture has to be in the correct setting. Students have to be able to work with different peers. They also have to have eye contact and direct interactions with all their classmates. Educators have to be aware that children communicate differently and in some cases educators have to be active participants in those interactions. The second interpersonalShow MoreRelatedImplications And Future Directions For Research1969 Words   |  8 PagesAmerican youth, noted that â€Å"an individual’s experiences of discrimination are important to the formation of individual identity, but they are also important for collective identity; it is the youth’s perceptions of treatment of ‘our group’ and ‘people like us’ that creates a sense of citizenship based on collective exclusion† (p. 85). The authors suggested that these negative experiences might make it difficult for Arab American youth to identify with being an American citizen. These youth have toRead MoreUnit 3 Managing the Playwork Provision2921 Words   |  12 Pagesdivision between management and other staff we ensure that all playworkers and managers work together in the same environment as often as possible. This breaks down the hierarchy system and enables more cohe sion in the team.    C1 Discuss the importance of evaluating and monitoring the performance of all staff    Having staff appraisals are important in order to encourage Personal Development; to provide staff with the Opportunity to express their Opinions; to Identify Ways of Improving the PlayRead MoreEssay on Media Influence on Black Children5404 Words   |  22 PagesMedia Influence on Black/African-American Children Abstract: An overview of how media in the decades since the 1950s had influenced the education of Black/African-Americann Students. Media in the decades since the 1950s has dramatically influenced the education of Black/African-American children. The media, which includes television, newspapers, magazines, radio, advertising and the internet, is a vital part of constantly creating and reinforcing stereotypes. Media affects and influencesRead MoreInstitutes and Strategies, Formal Structures Essay2422 Words   |  10 Pagesresources for Northern Region than the provinces. The National Aboriginal Health Organization (NAHO) is a non-profit aboriginal run organization that was incorporated in 2000. NAHO seeks to bridge the gap of traditional and western contemporary health issues, reflecting the traditions and values of the Aboriginal people (NAHO, 2011). Cultural Conflicts In the cold month of February of 2006 a small city of little more than 7,200 people 50 homeless people and supporters marched through Iqualuit protestingRead MoreThe Role Of Male Teachers And Academic And. Behavioral Performance Of Boys4284 Words   |  18 Pagespreviously unsuccessful in doing. In contrast, is there really any difference at all that can be measurably attributed to gender? Some research supports the benefits of a more diverse teaching population, so it seemed fitting to study this aspect of diversity: gender. This is especially intriguing because, in today’s educational landscape, we are seeing a decrease in the academic and behavioral performances of boys. This study was attempting to find answers to why this is happening and if increasing theRead MoreFactors Affecting Community Policing4682 Words   |  19 Pagesfirst place. Community policing is a philosophy that promotes organizational strategies that support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques, which proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime The movement toward community policing has gained momentum in recent years as police and community leaders search for more effective ways to promote public safety and to enhance the quality of lifeRead MoreAward In Education Training 650231182 Words   |  105 Pagesstandards of teaching, I also ensure I act with professionalism, the highest levels of expertise, that I continue to develop as a trainer via my own evaluation and self-awareness, work with integrity and autonomy and ensure standards of equality and diversity are maintained at all times. (IfL Supporting Professionalism Update for 2011-2012). As a trainer is it essential I understand the boundaries of my role, knowledge and abilities to ensure my learners receive the best education and professionalRead MoreOb Practices at Chaudhary Group in Nepal13261 Words   |  54 Pagesand consequences of such practices, and the skills sets that must be explored in an effort to contribute to the progressive evolution of Organization behavior. Keywords: Management, Best Practices, Cross-functional Teams, Cognitive Dissonance, Diversity Management Table of Content Abstract 3 Executive Summary 6 Acknowledgment 8 1. Introduction 9 1.1 Introduction of Chaudhary Group 9 1.1.1. Vision 9 1.1.2. Mission 9 1.1.3. Management Philosophy 10 1.1.4. Core Values 10 1.2. BusinessRead MoreHsc Level 5 Unit 534 Essay14626 Words   |  59 Pagesref:Unit numbers: | Seen by an expert witness | | Product evidence observed | | | Seen by a witness | | Assignment/ ProjectOther__________________ | | | Personal Statement | | | | | ASSESSMENT REPORT | 1.1 Explain the importance of recognising the centrality of the individual rather than the disability.Words are critical in shaping ideas, perceptions and attitudes. They can be used to reinforce existing prejudices or to liberate people from stereotypes, prejudices and misconceptionsRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesthree different roles of HR management. Discuss the three dimensions associated with HR management as a strategic business contributor. Explain why HR professionals and operating managers must view HR management as an interface. Discuss why ethical issues and professionalism affect HR management as a career field. ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  3 HR TRANSITIONS HR Management Contributes to Organizational Success More effective management of human resources (HR) increasingly is being seen as positively

Binge Drinking on College Campuses Free Essays

Alcohol on American campuses has become a serious issue.   According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, drinking among college students leads to about 1,400 deaths, 500,000 injuries and 600,000 assaults each year (Coin). In 2000, the total number of alcohol related deaths on college campuses was nearly 5,600, while in 1979 the total was more than 2,500 (McClintock), and the number of students who reported that they had driven while intoxicated rose from 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Binge Drinking on College Campuses or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3 million to 2.8 million (Hingson 260).   This statistic includes all college students, ages 18-24.   That means some of the people involved in these incidents were underage.   1 out of every 4 students drinks at a binge level (Simons 24). This reflects the direction that the youth of America, as a whole, has taken.   Part of the reason for this is that many college students do not know about the harmful effects of alcohol.   Although college drinking, historically, has been viewed by many as a relatively innocent rite of passage, there is evidence that it is a rite that too often results in negative consequences for drinkers such as poor academic performance, public misconduct, and health problems. Binge drinking is defined as having five or more drinks for men, and for or more drinks for women (Jennison 660).   After putting these numbers in a blood alcohol estimator, the average male, about 165 lbs, would have a BAC of approximately .09.   This is legally intoxicated in all states.   These numbers were achieved using beer as the type of alcohol.   Had it been hard liquor, the number would have been higher.   At this level of intoxication, all motor skills and judgment are affected adversely, leading to bad decisions as well as the physical inability to handle oneself. The negative short term affects of excessive drinking are numerous.   Impaired vision, judgment, and speech are among the first and most obvious symptoms of drunkenness.   Also, nausea, vomiting, dehydration, and headaches are among the most common symptoms the next day, commonly referred to as a â€Å"hang over.† The main problem with these short term affects is the impaired judgment and motor skills.   When people are drunk, they can get very emotional, and this often leads to physical altercations.   More than 600,000 students reported being assaulted by someone who was under the influence of alcohol and more than 500,000 reported being injured while intoxicated (Hingson 261).   It is a fact: people have trouble controlling both their words and their actions while they are drunk, and this often leads to injuring themselves or the people around them. There are also many long term affects.   Liver disease, brain damage, and ulcers are the most common among the many effects that slowly tear away at the human body (Jennison 672).   It can also lead to impotence in men, birthing problems in women, added risk of breast cancer, and muscle deterioration (Hingson 268).   These are all very serious problems, and for the most part, most college students have no clue about the long term consequences of their binge drinking (Donahue 20). Next, we must understand the reason students drink in college.   Much of the drinking occurs at parties and revolves around drinking games.   These are social games designed to bring different groups of people together, and the rules of participation ensure heavy drinking (Simons 24).   Various games include beer-pong, Beirut, F**k the dealer, asshole, and quarters, among others. The general rules in these games ensure that both winners and losers will drink, with the losers drinking dangerous amounts.   Most people engage in these games as a way to meet new people, while some get involved just to drink.   Another reason many males start these games is to get girls involved. They know that alcohol makes people make decisions they wouldn’t usually make and they hope this leads to the girls being easier.   It is a fact that alcohol loosens ones inhibitions, so many new friends can be met in one night at a party by a typically shy person if he/she decides to drink.   Also, many students are pressured into drinking by friends, but as they have never drank alcohol before, they do not know their limits, and this is often what leads to the biggest problems. Many first time drinkers have wound up â€Å"passed out† somewhere due to involvement in drinking games (Simons 27). How to cite Binge Drinking on College Campuses, Papers

Americas Growing Pains Essay Example For Students

Americas Growing Pains Essay Americas Growing PainsAmericas first two presidents, George Washington and John Adams, both resolutelyadhered to the idea that America should endeavor to stay out of war at all times, and dideverything in their power to evade declaring and entering into war. Throughout theirreigns, war was ubiquitous in Europe, and many countries (especially Britain and France)made numerous attempts to obtain and secure Americas support. Washington andAdams both believed that America should not side with any foreign country during timesof war making the fundamental purport of Americas first foreign policy the elusion ofwar at all costs. This policy was manifested throughout Washington and Adamsinvolvement in, and reactions to the following affairs: the Citizen Genet controversy, theJay Treaty, and the XYZ Affair. One of Washingtons initial attempts to pursue this policy was his counteractionto the Genet Affair. In 1793, George Washington proclaimed neutrality, thus declaringAmerica an uninvolved, non partisan country in times of war. Simultaneously, EdmondCharles Genet was sent to the United States as a special representative from France toimplore support in the French Revolution. Genet had previously resolved that theproclamation of neutrality was a ?harmless little pleasantry designed to throw dust in theeyes of the British?. Commencing in Charleston, South Carolina, Genet traveledthroughout the United States presenting his credentials. In addition to his quest forsupport, he began to license American vessels to operate as privateers against Britishshipping and to grant French military commissions to a number of Americans in order toprepare expeditions against Spanish and British territorial claims in North America. These two actions were in direct defilement of American law. Washington demandedthat he cease his unlawful actions, but Genet continued to commission privateers becausehe enticed the public opinion. This incident is a lucid manifestation of Washingtonsample efforts to avoid war. Genet had copiously essayed to obtain American support inthe French Revolution, and in accordance with Americas foreign policy, Washingtonvehemently resisted any involvement in war. In an attempt to deplete the threat ofAmericans supporting the French, he avowed that Genet would be expelled. Washingtons reaction to this controversy verified his foreign policy by showing that hewas willing to avoid war at all costs, even if alliances were broken and foreign relationswere damaged. In addition to Washingtons response to the Genet affair, he further strived toavert involvement in war by signing the Jay Treaty. This treaty was written to preventwar with Britain, but concurrently it strained Americas relationship with France bygoing against their alliance. The provisions made under this treaty did not benefitAmerica whatsoever. Under the Jay Treaty, the British agreed to evacuate the posts inthe west, promised to compensate American ship owners for seizures in the West Indi esand vowed to open up their colonies in Asia to American ships. The US, however,refused to accept it, because a provision opening the British West Indies to Americantrade was so obstructed with credentials that limited the size of American vessels and thetypes of goods allowed. This treaty was embarrassing because most of what the US hadgained was already legally theirs. Furthermore, the treaty relinquished importantprinciples to a nation dependent upon foreign commerce. Many democratic Americansfelt that this treaty made the United States appear to be selling out to Britain. Despite thenegative aspects of the treaty, Washington believed that it was valuable for the UnitedStates. It augmented the indication that Washington would go to great lengths to avoidwar, specifically humiliating the US and further maligning relations with France. Washington nonetheless held firmly to his foreign policy, advocating it to his successorand the American people in his ?Farewell Address. John Adam s became president in 1796 and continued to preserve Washingtonsforeign policy. One example that exhibits this was the XYZ Affair. The French beganattacking American shipping because they were agitated by the Jay Treaty. John Adamsthen appointed three commissioners, Charles Pinckney, John Marshall and ElbridgeGerry, to try and arrange a moderate settlement that would eliminate their differenceswithout mentioning the merits. This task was a disaster. Talleyrand, the French foreignminister, sent an agent, later called X, to demand that the Americans pay tributes toFrance. He also stated that the French would make a settlement only if the Americansagreed to pay these tributes. This demand was later made by two other agents known asY and Z. The Americans refused and the talks eventually ended. In 1798, PresidentAdams released the commissioners report. These reports abashed the Americans senseof national esteem and led to the revoking of the French Alliance by Congress, thecreation of a Navy Department, and the preservation of sufficient funding to buildapproximately forty warships and triple the size of the army. Adams, who was neverextremely popular, was now seen as a national hero. Washington, who had alreadyretired, was brought back to lead the forces alongside Alexander Hamilton. TheAmerican privateers began to attack the French ships on the seas and many peoplepressed for war, but Adams did not want to declare war and go against his foreign policy. Not declaring war and adhering to his foreign policy further evinced the fact that Adamswas willing to risk losing his increasing popularity, and therefore America did notofficially enter into war. In corroboration with the previous examples, Washington and Adamsdeterminedly did all they could to avoid war at all costs and follow through with theirforeign policy. The risks taken by both presidents, and the end results of the Genetcontroversy, Jay Treaty, and XYZ affair, substantiated their policy by verifying theim portance of avoiding war and presenting the drastic measures taken by Washingtonand Adams to avoid war. Both of these great men were so tenacious about avoiding warthat their efforts to do so could have been the root of a war and of prospective damage toforeign alliances and connections. In conclusion, Americas first foreign policyessentially focused on eschewing war, and Washington and Adams were willing to makeall concessions necessary to do so. Political Science .u81b496b3a68e460ab9d42957b3f7c021 , .u81b496b3a68e460ab9d42957b3f7c021 .postImageUrl , .u81b496b3a68e460ab9d42957b3f7c021 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u81b496b3a68e460ab9d42957b3f7c021 , .u81b496b3a68e460ab9d42957b3f7c021:hover , .u81b496b3a68e460ab9d42957b3f7c021:visited , .u81b496b3a68e460ab9d42957b3f7c021:active { border:0!important; } .u81b496b3a68e460ab9d42957b3f7c021 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u81b496b3a68e460ab9d42957b3f7c021 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u81b496b3a68e460ab9d42957b3f7c021:active , .u81b496b3a68e460ab9d42957b3f7c021:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u81b496b3a68e460ab9d42957b3f7c021 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u81b496b3a68e460ab9d42957b3f7c021 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u81b496b3a68e460ab9d42957b3f7c021 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u81b496b3a68e460ab9d42957b3f7c021 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u81b496b3a68e460ab9d42957b3f7c021:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u81b496b3a68e460ab9d42957b3f7c021 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u81b496b3a68e460ab9d42957b3f7c021 .u81b496b3a68e460ab9d42957b3f7c021-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u81b496b3a68e460ab9d42957b3f7c021:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Criticism of to a waterfowl Essay

Philosophy - Plato Essays - Dialogues Of Plato, Socratic Dialogues

Philosophy - Plato Plato was born to an aristocratic family in Athens, Greece. When he was a child his father, Ariston, who was believed to be descended from the early kings of Athens died, and his mother, Perictione married Pyrilampes. As a young man Plato was always interested in political leadership and eventually became a disciple of Socrates. He followed his philosophy and his dialectical style, which is believed to be the search for truth through questions, answers, and additional questions. After witnessing the death of Socrates at the hands of the Athenian democracy in 399 B.C., Plato left Athens and continued to travel to Italy, Sicily, and Egypt. (Internet) In 387 B.C. Plato founded the Academy in Athens otherwise known as the first European university. The Academy provided a wide range of curriculum including subjects such as astronomy, biology, philosophy, political theory, and mathematics. Aristotle was the Academy's most outstanding student. (Internet) The internal affairs of the academy ruled the next 20 years of Plato's life and he wrote nothing. Many Greek youths were attracted to the new school. Plato then went to Syracuse to supervise the education of the ruling prince. Plato was not certain about the success of this adventure although he felt he could not refuse this opportunity of putting his ideas to a test. It did not work out for Plato and he returned to Athens in 360 B.C. He then devoted himself to teaching and lecturing at the Academy. He died at age 80 in Athens in 348 B.C. Before his death Plato completed the Sophist, the Politicus, the Philebus, the Timaeus and finally the Laws. (Internet) DIALOGUES The Symposium is the most widely read of Plato's dialogues with the exception of the Republic and it is with good reason. It's literary merit is outstanding with philosophical and psychological sources (Allen) ANAYA--2 THE EARLY DIALOGUES In the early dialogues Socrates always played the leading roll. In all of them, Plato was trying to keep the spirit of Socrates alive. There are also early dialogues that portray Socrates in whimsical moods but always with a serious purpose. (Allen) The Republic was the most revealing of all Plato's early writings. Plato believed that one could not seriously construct a political theory without a metaphysics. Therefore, we find an outline of human life as it should be lived according to nature. (Allen) THE LATER DIALOGUES In the later dialogues Soctates does not always play the leading role. He does not enter into the conversation of Laws. More interest was shown in the possibilities of politics. Law and legal government were stressed and it greatly influenced Aristotle. It is clear that in later years Plato became more aware of the difficulties in attempting to combine science with government. Plato's main interest at the end of his life was to guide human effort as indicated in his last dialogues, the Laws. (Allen) Many students of the Academy were reaching into positions of power in the Greek world. Plato planned a trilogy at the end of his life, the Timaeus, the Critias, and the Hermoncrates. (Allen) THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE Plato's theory of knowledge can be found in the myth of the cave. The myth describes people chained within a cave. The only images they see are the shadows of objects and animals held in front of a fire that is behind them that reflects on the cave walls in front of them. That is all they had ever seen so that is what they believe to be real. One day a man escaped the cave and went outside. With the sun he saw what was real in the world and realized all he ever saw were just shadows. He went back to the men in the cave and told them all this. He told them that they ANAYA--3 too could see the outside if they broke free of their chains but they didn't believe him. The environment of the cave to Plato symbolizes the physical world of appearances. Escaping into the sun-filled world means the transition into the real world that is full and perfect being the world of forms, which is the proper object of knowledge. (Hare p.39) NATURE OF FORMS The theory of Forms may be understood best in terms of mathematical entities. This theory was his way of explaining how the same universal term can refer to so many particular things or events. An individual is human to the extent that they resemble or participate. In the Form

Theories of Personality Essay Example

Theories of Personality Essay Example Theories of Personality Essay Theories of Personality Essay Theories of Personality Psychoanalytic perspective is based on Sigmund Frued perspectives about early experiences it focuses on the importance of the unconscious mind which contains thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories/past experiences in which we are unaware of. The id operates on the pleasure principle by satisfying basic urges, needs, and desires. Ego operates on the reality principle, satisfies the id’s desires in ways that it will cause pleasure instead of pain. Superego strives for perfection, positive feelings and negative feelings of guilt. These three systems were interactions of Frued’s view of personality structure. Freud perspective also focused on psychosexual stages which is the childhood stages of development. Defense mechanisms are methods of reducing anxiety. This perspective could account for the development of introverted and an extroverted personality Humanistic perspective focuses on an individual’s uniqueness and their ability and responsibility to make choices in their lives. Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers were the founders of this theory they believed that a persons free choice, free will, and understanding of their own experiences and feelings. The meanings of events in his or her life are the most important things to study. Carl Rogers believed that Human nature is viewed as basically good and that we all strive for actualizing tendencies but never reached them if based on the opinions of others. Rogers used client-centered therapy to raise the self-concept of the client and stop their tendencies to look for others opinions. The client’s esteem needs will be met and hopefully seize from concerning other people’s opinions. Rogers also developed a q-sort to judge the self-concept. The humanistic perspective can lead to an introverted personality by the individual not reaching their actualizing tendencies because of the opinions of others. The individual may base their level of self-concept on others’ opinions and if he/she receives negative opinions then that may lead the individual to have low self-esteem and an introverted personality. The humanistic perspective can also lead to an extroverted personality by the individual raising their self-concept by stopping their tendencies to look for others approval. Once they accept themselves, their esteem needs will be met and obtain gratification about themselves. Once their self-esteem rises, the individual will feel more comfortable socializing and be more energized The Trait perspective suggests that individual personalities are composed broad dispositions. The trait approach to personality is focused on differences between individuals. A trait is defined as a relatively stable predisposition to behave in a specific way. The â€Å"Big Five† is factors of personality that represents five core traits that interact to form human personality. These traits were Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, and Extraversion. Psychologist, Gordon Allport believed that every individual was unique and categorized their traits in three levels: Cardinal Traits (traits that dominate an individual’s whole life), Central Traits (general characteristics that form the basic foundations of personality), and Secondary Traits (traits that are sometimes related to attitudes and often appear only in certain situations). Also British psychologist Hans Eysenck developed a model of personality based upon just three universal trails. Introversion/Extraversion: Introversion involves directing attention on inner experiences, while extraversion relates to focusing attention outward on the environment. Neuroticism/Emotional Stability: Neuroticism refers to an individual’s tendency to become upset or emotional, while stability refers to the tendency to remain emotionally constant. Finally there is Psychoticism which is having difficulty dealing with reality and may be antisocial, hostile, non-empathetic and manipulative. The trait perspective can lead to an introverted personality by having psychoticism that perhaps consisted from a genetic basis. An individual might have inherited psychoticism, thus leading the individual to have interpersonal hostility and an introverted personality. The trait perspective can lead to an extroverted personality by having Extraversion traits as the individuals Cardinal traits. The individuals attitude would be sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate, plus all that will be their dominate traits, thus having and extroverted personality. Introversion involves directing attention on inner experiences, while extraversion relates to focusing attention outward on other people and the environment. So, a person high in introversion might be quiet and reserved, while an individual high in extraversion might be sociable and outgoing. The social cognitive perspective was proposed by Albert Bandura it emphasizes the interactions of a person and their situations. Social cognitive theorists focused on how we and our environment interact they believed we learn many of our behaviors by observing others as well as mental process which was thinking about our situations affects our behavior. A. Learned Helplessness- Learned helplessness is when people and animals experience no control over repeated bad events and then come to feel hopeless, helpless and depressed. An example of learned helplessness is a person with low self esteem, they start to feel hopeless and depressed when they think someone else is better than them whether they are better looking, or better at doing something they begin to let there guard down and then feel depressed and hopeless. Optimistic Attributional Style- A positive or negative way of explaining events in their lives. A person may say that a positive event happened because of them and they also believe that more positive things will happen in the future due to that event. As for negative events they see them as it not being their fault. An example would be External Locus of Control- The perception that chance or outside forces beyond one’s personal control determine one’s fate. Individuals who have no self-control are external locus of control. Self- serving Bias- is a readiness to perceive oneself favorably. It refers to attribute positive outcomes to personal factors, but attribute negative outcomes to external factors. An example would be if you won your first track meet, you might say that this was due to the fact that you practiced hard, or that you’re a fast runner. If you lost, you might blame the referee, the weather, or the fields where you are competing rather than admitting that you did not do your best. Psychology

William Wordsworths Daffodils Poem

William Wordsworths Daffodils Poem William Wordsworth (1770-1850) was a British poet who is known, along with friend Samuel Taylor Coleridge, for writing the collection Lyrical Ballads and a Few Other Poems. This set of poems embodied a style that was a break from the traditional epic poetry of the time and helped to launch what became known as the Romantic era. Wordsworths preface to the 1798 publication includes his famous argument in favor of common speech within poetry so that they would be accessible to more people. Poems from Lyrical Ballads include Coleridges best-known work, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and one of Wordsworths more controversial pieces, Lines Written a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey. Wordsworths most critically-acclaimed work is the massive poem The Prelude, which he worked on throughout his life and which was published posthumously. But its perhaps his simple musing on a field of yellow flowers that became Wordsworths best-known and most-recited poem. I Wandered Lonely As a Cloud was written in 1802 after the poet and his sister happened upon a field of daffodils during a walk.   Life of William Wordsworth Born in 1770 in Cockermouth, Cumbria, Wordsworth was the second of five children. Both his parents died when he was young, and he was separated from his siblings, but later reunited with his sister Dorothy, with whom he remained close for the rest of his life.   In 1795 he met fellow poet Coleridge, beginning a  friendship and collaboration that would not only inform his work but his philosophical outlook as well. Both Wordsworths wife Mary and his sister Dorothy also influenced his work and his outlook.   Wordsworth was named Englands Poet Laureate in 1843, but in a strange twist of fate, ended up not writing anything while he held the honorary title.   Analysis of I Wandered Lonely As a Cloud This poems simple and straightforward language doesnt have much in the way of hidden meaning or symbolism  but reflects Wordsworths deep appreciation for nature. Before graduating from college, Wordsworth went on a walking tour of Europe, which inspired his interest in natural beauty as well as the common man.   Complete Text Here is the complete text of William Wordsworths I Wandered Lonely As a Cloud aka Daffodils   I wandered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high oer vales and hills,When all at once I saw a crowd,A host, of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees,Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.Continuous as the stars that shineAnd twinkle on the milky way,They stretched in never-ending lineAlong the margin of a bay:Ten thousand saw I at a glance,Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.The waves beside them danced; but theyOut-did the sparkling waves in glee:A poet could not but be gay,In such a jocund company:I gazed - and gazed - but little thoughtWhat wealth the show to me had brought:For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,They flash upon that inward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude;And then my heart with pleasure fills,And dances with the daffodils.

Managing Operations and the Supply Chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing Operations and the Supply Chain - Essay Example In quality improvement teams, employees from the same department, division, or team of the organization brainstorm to identify a list of problems to resolve. The advantage of this approach is that the employees characteristically have the best view of their work environment and associated problems and can develop ideas to improve efficiency and effectiveness. The drawback to this is that the problems chosen by the group may or may not contribute to the Tower Records overall goals. Tower Records with a focused success paradigm can multiply the return on its investment for its quality efforts over an organization without a clear vision. With the myriad of problems any given group can identify, it is important that resources be allocated for problem solving that can contribute positively to the successful implementation of Tower Records strategy. Based on such considerations, it is evident that the need for specific criteria and models to verify the quality fit between the Tower Records and the business atmosphere in that it operates, and to effectively and efficiently manages the relationships among the actors within the network. Such relationships, in fact, are characterised by many-to-many connections instead of more traditional one-to-one. For that reason, a deep revision of current managerial techniques is dramatically requested. Regardless of huge number of works on this subject, (Harland et al., 2001; Lamming et al., 2000), reliable criteria for the analysis and the evaluation of Tower Records networks, based on the relationships among economic actors interconnected through Internet, are not yet available. Accordingly, managers usually operate according to empirical methodologies that often do not assure optimal quality performances. In order to contribute towards the solution of such a problem, preliminarily examined factors that mostly affect the Tower Records quality performances. It may be assumed that effectiveness and efficiency of Tower Records depend on the coherence between the characteristics of the atmosphere in that the embedded actors operate and the way in that relationships among embedded actors are managed. The management of such relationships, consecutively, is based on the following three factors (Cucchiella et al., 2002): The structures adopted to organize the relationships among the actors of the network (Tower Records organisational structures). The criteria adopted to manage such relationships (managerial criteria); and The activities to be carried out for coordinating the relationships (critical activities). With respect to the Tower Records organisational structures, Tapscott et al. (2000) define five types of b-web adopted to manage relationships among embedded actors based on the level of product-service value integration (high vs. low) and control type: Agora, Aggregation, Value chain, Alliance, and Distributive network. According to Nkkentved (2000), the managerial criteria may be instead, defined on the basis of two variables, the market fragmentation and the product/process complexity. Consequently, six types of criteria may be identified: Auction house; Independent

Lake Effect Snow Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lake Effect Snow - Research Paper Example Lake snow effect usually happens during the winter and in particular the Midwest when the area is dominated by cold cP or cA and clear air (Ahrens 207). The specific areas where the lake effect snows are notorious are the eastern and southern shores of the Great Lakes (Geerts 1). When such a phenomenon occurs, the people in this region get prepared for heavy snow showers. These storms are highly localized and they extend only a few kilometers to more a hundred kilometers inland. The snow basically falls as squall or heavy shower in the concentrated zones. The snow is very much centralized such that a part of the city may accumulate several centimeters of the snow, while in another; the ground has nothing (Ahrens 207). Lake effect snow is rampant from the month of November to January. â€Å"During these months, cold air moves over the lakes when they are relatively warm and not quite frozen† (Ahrens 207). The difference between air and water temperature can be as high as 25 degrees centigrade. Studies conducted have indicated the greater the difference in the temperature, the higher the probability of having a snow shower. Causes of Lake effect Snow It is imperative to note that the snowfall is not caused by the proximity of the ocean or the mountains and the difference is not because the eastern and the southern shores are cooler than the regions surroundings; in fact, they are only a little warmer than the surrounding shores.

Load Shedding (self created Problem) Essay Example for Free

Load Shedding (self created Problem) Essay The electricity load shedding in Pakistan would have not been a big problem to cope with but its made much bigger by adopting the defective policies. One of the causes of load shedding is called the circular debt, which means the private electricity generation companies keep generating the power but they do not get the money for the electricity they have provided, in that case they can generate the electricity for limited period and after that when the outstanding amount to be paid by government to these companies cross a limit, by being not able to fuel costs these companies stop the production till they have get paid back by government. This have been happening very much lately, current approach from government is they let the circular dept build up and while companies stop production they are paid back after many months and mean while that halt brings in more shortage and more electricity load shedding subsiquently. Now this is the place where the issue of rental power plants come in. The question is, when you are not able to finance the current infrastructure and when you are not fully utilizing the current generation capacity, why on earth you need the rental power plants? – It would have made some sense if the rental power plants would have have come with low cost electricity but unfortunately other than thinking of paying back the circular dept and taking all the current resources in action our government have chosen to bring in the rental power plants. The plants which does not still started generating the power but we already started paying the rent money. After carefully reading whats written above one can decide that the rental power plants stunt was really not required at the moment. Moreover when you live in country which is blessed with so much of natural resources why on earth you have to go for rental power plants. Wind forms and solar energy power plants have got huge potential in this country which can bring in lots of low cast energy, also if more dams are planned, we can get much more hydro power. After that come in the coal reserves which is blessing for this nation, we have got the coal reserves which are in few biggest coal reserves of the world. Research shows that if we use just 2% of these reserves for power generation we will be able to keep on generating the extra 25000 Mega Watts of power for next 40Â  years just from coal and we just have overall electricity consumption of 16000 Mega Watts country wide today. 12000 Mega Watts of power out of our 16000 mega watts is already being generated. The above facts clearly show that if the right policies are adopted we can not only generate enough power to meet our energy requirements but also generate power to sell out. The problem of our country have never been the resources but only and only the sincere leadership which really cares for the country and all the souls living in it. For the moment we can just pray to Allah for blessing Pakistan with the leadership which is sincere and capable of making things happen. Next time when you vote in elections just think for your country and nothing else, keep the previous experiences in mind, they will help you much

Food in Afghanistan :: essays research papers

Food in different countries can be very interesting. There are many different practices and preparations for different styles of food. In Afghanistan, everything is repaired by the woman. This is due to the fact that in their country, women are of a lesser value then men. This is all changing as the country is being reborn after that unfortunate incident involving Asamu Bin Laden. In Afghanistan, Afghans are under Islamic laws and controlled in all aspects of life. Most of them are divided into clans and groups who follow centuries-old customs and religious practices. For Afghans, Shab-Barat is a time for them to give bread and sweets, such as Halvah, to the poor. They do this to honor their god Allah. Also, they light off fireworks in his name. Before sitting down and enjoying a meal in Afghanistan, you may find yourself preying to their god and thanking them for your meal, relative to what most families do here in America. So far that I have read, Afghans usually use their fingers or some sort of sharp object to pick up their food and eat it. I know it sounds barbaric, but I can see how it would be hard to be civilized in that country. Being under the rule that they were and then being bombed. Life in Afghanistan must be low quality as of now. Afghanistan lately has been trying to establish a government and fix their broken culture which needs heavy mending. Afghan Chicken Recipe Amount  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Measurement  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ingredient  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Preparation Method 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  large  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cloves garlic  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1/2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  teaspoon  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  salt  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cups  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  plain whole-milk yogurt  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  tablespoons  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  juice and pulp of 1 large lemon  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1/2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  teaspoon  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cracked black pepper  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  large  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  whole chicken breasts  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  about 2 pounds Long, slow marinating in garlicky yogurt tenderizes, moistens and adds deep flavor, so you end up with skinless grilled chicken that's as delicious as it is nutritionally correct. Serve with soft pita or Arab flatbread and fresh yogurt. Put the salt in a wide, shallow non-reactive bowl with the garlic and mash them together until you have paste. Add yogurt, lemon and pepper. Skin the chicken breasts, remove all visible fat and separate the halves. Bend each backward to break the bones so the pieces win lie flat.

Ethos Outline Essay

When you write you must believe that people will wonder and question your authority. g. Maybe not scientific expertise, but personal experience. . Having profession titles also can endorse trust. i. Small signals of authority can be picked up almost subconsciously IV. Establishing Credibility j. Humor puts a listener at ease, and helps them identify k. Listen to people confident enough to make fun of themselves. l. Move quickly to reasonable claims after and back it up with evidence. m. Audiences respond to how you present yourself as a person. n. Using language to show that you respect, not talking about nor below them. o. Citing respectable sources to show that you have done your work. p. Using conditions of rebuttal. V. Coming Clean about Motives q. Readers will ask how it benefits the narrator of the idea. r. Stating blanking how, and potential conflicts of interest will cause gained trust. s. In political circles, it is almost sport to assume the worst about motives. t. Admission of uncertainty helps build a bridge. After reading about the appeal of Ethos I mostly reflected on the fact that there was a lot I had never thought about with natural human tendencies. Mostly what was interesting to me was the fact that we mostly base our trust on the character of a person. Maybe if they back up their statements with facts we will believe, but it all starts with the character of a person. I also had never thought that people started with humor because they needed to connect, and bring themselves to a trusting level with their audience. Another thing I had not thought of was that readers will always question their writers, even subconsciously, about many different subjects. One main point I did not understand completely was talking about motives, and how saying conflicts of interest would help you connect to your reader, besides just on a trust level. Besides that I thought this chapter was very interesting, and contained many things that made sense, but I had never thought about or questioned before.

Describe How Own Behaviour Could Promote Effective Interactions

1.4. Describe how own behaviour could: a) promote effective interactions with children and young people Children always look up to adults and will take lead from adults around them. If we show good behaviour then they will take that in. We have to follow the guidelines and rules, be polite and respectful towards other, if class teacher say something to do then you have to do. Always wear smart dresses. Treat everyone fairly and be aware of your own approach. Being a team player and offering to help others is beneficial in building effective relationships. b) impact negatively on interactions with children and young people Little eyes are watching and little ears are listening. The teacher is one of the child's ideal, it is very important for a teacher to have qualities which impress the child and the qualities which he can imitate and thus become good. For example, swearing in front of your children teaches them that bad language is appropriate. The teacher who seemed to be angry and unhappy put negative impact on children and young people. Associated essay: How One Can Study Smart Essay If we can‘t listen and respect the class teacher then it make negative impact on children and young people. We can’t tell them to do something when we do not do it ourselves. When a student observes a particular teacher has few favourite students, then he/she will think he/she is been sidelined, may be thinking he/she is not good enough or smart enough, when he/she sees the other favoritized students friendly with the teacher, this results in a negative impact may be its a wrong way of taking it.

DIvidend Policies and Financing Essays

DIvidend Policies and Financing Essays DIvidend Policies and Financing Essay DIvidend Policies and Financing Essay Dividend policy refers to the decision made by the company whether to retain the profits within the company, or they pay out the profits to the owners of the organization in the form of dividends (Garrison 2008). Once the company decides on whether to pay dividends, they may establish a somewhat permanent dividend policy, which may in turn impact on investors and perceptions of the company in the financial markets (Garrison 2008). What they decide depends on the situation of the company now and in the future. It also depends on the preferences of investors and potential investors (Garrison 2008).When deciding on the dividend policy, several factors such as legal constraints, contractual constraints, internal constraints, growth prospect, owners considerations and market considerations have to be taken into account. Considerations taken into account can be incorporated in several dividend theories such as the residual theory of dividends, the clientele theory, the signalling dividend theory, the bird-in-the-hand theory and Modigliani and miller dividend theory.Manufacturing overseas can reduce costs due to its cheap labour costs but there are other considerations that have to be taken into account. There are pros and cons for manufacturing at overseas.Companys capital structure refers to the way a corporation finances its assets through some combination of equity, debt, or hybrid securities (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_structure). Debt financing and equity financing has their own advantages and disadvantages but certain factors have to be considered when choosing between these two financing strategies.2.0 Factors Affecting the Dividend PolicyWhen deciding on the dividend policy, several factors need to be taken into account. The factors needed to taken into account are as follows (sources taken fromhttp://freemba.in/articlesread.php?artcode=488substcode=30stcode=10):Stability of EarningsThe nature of business has an important bea ring on the dividend policy. Industrial units having stability of earnings may formulate a more consistent dividend policy than those having an uneven flow of incomes because they can predict easily their savings and earnings. Usually, enterprises dealing in necessities suffer less from oscillating earnings than those dealing in luxuries or fancy goods.Age of CorporationAge of the corporation counts much in deciding the dividend policy. A newly established company may require much of its earnings for expansion and plant improvement and may adopt a rigid dividend policy while, on the other hand, an older company can formulate a clear cut and more consistent policy regarding dividend.Liquidity of FundsAvailability of cash and sound financial position is also an important factor in dividend decisions. A dividend represents a cash outflow, the greater the funds and the liquidity of the firm the better the ability to pay dividend. The liquidity of a firm depends very much on the investme nt and financial decisions of the firm which in turn determines the rate of expansion and the manner of financing. If cash position is weak, stock dividend will be distributed and if cash position is good, company can distribute the cash dividend.Extent of Share DistributionNature of ownership also affects the dividend decisions. A closely held company is likely to get the assent of the shareholders for the suspension of dividend or for following a conservative dividend policy. On the other hand, a company having a good number of shareholders widely distributed and forming low or medium income group would face a great difficulty in securing such assent because they will emphasize to distribute higher dividend.Needs for Additional CapitalCompanies retain a part of their profits for strengthening their financial position. The income may be conserved for meeting the increased requirements of working capital or of future expansion. Small companies usually find difficulties in raising fi nance for their needs of increased working capital for expansion programs. They having no other alternative, use their ploughed back profits. Thus, such Companies distribute dividend at low rates and retain a big part of profits.Trades CycleBusiness cycles also exercise influence upon dividend Policy. Dividend policy is adjusted according to the business oscillations. During the boom, prudent management creates food reserves for contingencies which follow the inflationary period. Higher rates of dividend can be used as a tool for marketing the securities in an otherwise depressed market. The financial solvency can be proved and maintained by the companies in dull years if the adequate reserves have been built up.Government PoliciesThe earnings capacity of the enterprise is widely affected by the change in fiscal, industrial, labor, control and other government policies. Sometimes government restricts the distribution of dividend beyond a certain percentage in a particular industry o r in all spheres of business activity as was done in emergency. The dividend policy has to be modified or formulated accordingly in those enterprises.Need for FundsDividends paid to stockholders use funds that the firm could otherwise invest. Therefore, a company running short of cash or with ample capital investment opportunities may decide to pay little of no dividends. Alternatively, there may be an abundance of cash or a dearth of good capital budgeting projects available. This could lead to very large dividend payments.Management Expectations and Dividend PolicyIf a firms managers perceive the future as relatively bright, on the one hand, they may begin paying large dividends in anticipation of being able to keep them up during the good times ahead. On the other hand, if managers believe that bad times are coming, they may decide to build up the firms reserves for safety instead of paying dividends.Stockholders PreferencesReinvesting earning internally, instead of paying divide nds, would lead to higher stock prices and a greater percentage of the total return common stockholders receive coming from capital gains. Capital gains are profits earned by an investor when the price of a capital asset, such as common stock, increases.Common stockholders may prefer to receive their return from the company in the form of capital gains and some may prefer to receive their return from the company in the form of dividends. Capital gains are not taxed at all unless they are realized. That is, unless the stock is sold. The board of directors should consider stockholder preferences when establishing the firms dividend policy.Restriction on Dividend PaymentsA firm may have dividend payment restrictions in its existing bond indentures or loan agreements. For example, a companys loan contract with a bank may specify that the companys current ratio cannot drop below 2.0 during the life of the loan. Because payment of a cash dividend draws down the companys cash account, the current ratio may fall below the minimum level required. In such a case, the size of a dividend may have to be cut or omitted. In addition, many states prohibit dividend payments if they would create negative retained earnings on the balance sheet. This restriction is a prohibition against raiding the initial capital. Figure 1 summarizes the factors that influence the dividend decision.Figure 1: This figure identifies key elements that make a dividend payment more or less likely.2.1 Leading Dividend TheoriesThe factors that affect the dividend policy can be incorporated in several dividend theories. Dividend theories can be divided into dividend relevance theory and dividend irrelevance theory. Dividend relevance theory refers to the value of a firm is affected by its dividend policy while dividend irrelevance theory refers to a firms dividend policy has no effect on either its value or its cost of capital (studyfinance.com/lessons/dividends/index.mv?page=01).2.1.1 Dividend Relevanc e TheoriesAccording to Gallagher Andrew (2007) dividend relevance theories are as follows:The Clientele Dividend TheoryThe clientele dividend theory is based on the view tat investors are attracted to a particular company in part because of its dividend policy. For example, young investors just starting out may want their portfolios to grow in value from capital gains rather than from dividends, so they seek out companies that retain earnings instead of paying dividends. Stock prices tend to increase as earnings are retained and the resulting capital gain is not taxed until the stock is sold.Older investors, in contrast, may want to live off the income their portfolios provide. They would ten to seek out companies that pay high dividends rather than reinvesting for growth. According to the clientele dividend theory, each company therefore has its own clientele of investors who hold the stock in part because of its dividend policy.If the clientele theory is valid, then it doesnt muc h matter what a companys dividend policy is as long as it has one and sticks to it. If the policy is changed, the clientele that liked the old policy will probably sell their stock. A new clientele will buy the stock based on the firms new policy. When a dividend policy change is contemplated, managers must ask whether the effect of the new clienteles buying will outweigh the effects of the old clienteles selling. The new clientele cannot be sure that the most recent dividend policy implemented will be repeated in the future.The Signaling Dividend TheoryThe signaling dividend theory is based on the premise that the management of a company knows more about the future financial prospects of the firm than do the stockholders. According to this theory, if a company declares a dividend larger than that anticipated by the market, this will be interpreted as a signal that the future financial prospects of the firm are brighter than expected. Investors presume that management would not have raised the dividend if it did not think that this higher dividend could be maintained. As a result of this inferred signal of good times ahead, investors buy more stock, causing a jump in the stock price.Conversely, if a company cuts it dividend, the market takes this as a signal that management expects poor earnings and does not believe that the current dividend can be maintained. In other words, a dividend cut signals bad times ahead for the business. The market price of the stock drops when the firm announces a lower dividend because investors sell their stock in anticipation of future financial trouble for the firm. If a firms managers believe in the signaling theory, they will always be wary of the message their dividend decision may send to investors. Even if the firm has some attractive investment opportunities that could be financed with retained earnings, management may seek alternative financing to avoid cutting the dividend that may send an unfavorable signal to the mark et.The Bird-in-the-Hand TheoryThe bird-in-the-hand theory claims that stockholders prefer to receive dividends instead of having earnings reinvested in the firm on their behalf. Although stockholders should expect to receive benefits in the form of higher future stock prices when earnings are retained and reinvested in their company, there is uncertainty about whether the benefits will actually be realized. However, if the stockholders were to receive the earnings now, in the form of dividends, they could invest them now in whatever they desired. In other words, a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.If the bird-in-the-hand theory is correct then the stocks of companies that pay relatively high dividends will be more popular and therefore will have relatively higher stock prices than stocks of companies that reinvest their earnings.2.1.2 Dividend Irrelevance TheoriesDividend irrelevance theories are as follows (Gallagher ; Andrew 2007):The Residual Theory of DividendsThe residu al theory of dividend is widely known. The theory hypothesize the amount of dividends should not be the focus of the company. Instead, the primary issue should be to determine the amount of earning the firm should retain within the firm for investment. The amount of earnings retained, according to this view, depends on the number and size of acceptable capital budgeting projects and the amount of earnings available to finance the equity portion of the funds needed to pay for these projects. Any earnings left after these projects have been funded are paid out in dividends because dividends arise from residual or leftover earnings, the theory is called the residual theory.The residual theory focuses on the optimal use of earnings generated from the perspective of the firm itself. This may appeal to some, but ignores stockholders preferences about the regularity of and the amount of dividend payments. If a firm follows the residual theory, when earnings are large and the acceptable cap ital budgeting projects small and few, dividends will be large. Conversely, when earnings are small and many large acceptable projects are waiting to be financed, there may be no dividends if the residual theory is applied. The dividend payments will be erratic and the amounts will be unpredictable.Modigliani and Millers Dividend TheoryFranco Modigliani and Merton miller (commonly referred as M;M) theorized in 1961 that dividend policy is irrelevant. Given some simplifying assumptions, M;M showed how the value of a company is determined by the income produced from its assets, not by its dividend policy. According to the M;M dividend theory, the way a firms income is distributed (in the form of future capital gains or current dividends) doesnt affect the overall value of the firm. Stockholders are indifferent as to whether they receive their return on their investment in the firms stock from capital gains or dividends so dividends dont matter.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Overs eas ManufacturingManufacturing at overseas certainly saves cost of production in some degree due to cheap labor and material cost but it has its advantages and disadvantages for overseas manufacturing.2.2.1 Advantages of Overseas ManufacturingEase and Speed of Distribution: Manufacturing in overseas shortening the distance between the original location of manufacturer and its distribution market (if the manufacturer has its markets around the region of the considered location). For example, when Nike manufacturer from United States manufactures in Malaysia, they have greater ease and speed of transportation for goods and people to other Asian markets. Besides that, transportation and shipping cost may be reduced due to a shorter distance for shipping and distribution.Cost Savings: In less-developed countries, labor cost is cheaper than developing and developed countries. It is estimated that a company that manufactures in less-developed country can cut costs by between 30% and 80% d epending on how labor intensive the product is. Besides that, material cost is also cheaper compared to developed countries too.Gain in Efficiencies and Economies of Scale: Besides that, in the long run, manufacturing overseas can gain efficiencies and economies of scale which will assist in reducing unit cost as output increases. Moreover, the initial investment of capital may be spread over an increasing number of units of output and therefore the marginal cost of producing a good or services decreases as production increases.Low Capital Costs: Low capital cost is one of the advantages that encourages manufacturing overseas. The cost of capital in developing or developed countries is higher than the cost of capital in less-developed countries.Incentives for Manufacturing: Some of the less developed countries encourage overseas manufacturers to invest or manufacture in their country. In order to attract manufacturers, these less-developed countries do offer incentives for the manuf acturers. For example, Penang has offered incentive to Motorola from USA in order to attract them to manufacture at Penang.2.2.2 Disadvantages of Overseas ManufacturingQuality of Production Suffers: Cheap labor is an advantage for cost savings. Inversely, it reduces the quality of the products as cheap labors usually produce less quality productions. Therefore, the products will suffer in quality as most of the cheap labors are unskilled or semi-skilled. Indirectly, the manufacturer may lose its customers due to the production of less quality products.Time Consuming: When an organization wants to manufacture in overseas, the organization has to analyze and comprehend the considered location and also the facilities available around the setting up area. The analysis and comprehension takes considerable time to complete in order to have a perfect set up in overseas. Therefore it spends considerable time and energy to understand the considered location (Sweeney N.D.).Complexity: To oper ate oversea is not as easy as locally. Most of the manufacturers have adapted to their own manufacturing culture and therefore adapting to another manufacturing environment would be difficult for them to familiarize with it. First of all, language may be a barrier, for example, it is difficult to communicate with the South Americans labors if we are not familiar with Latin (Sweeney N.D.). Besides that, finance, tax, and labor laws will be different and must be understood (Sweeney N.D.). Sweeney (N.D.) stated that, understanding national cultures and subcultures are important for any activity as manufacturers have to deal with government and private sector people and especially selling into the market.Brand Risks: Nowadays, consumers are perceived where the product is made from. The production location is a factor that will affect the brand image and reputation. For example, consumers would prefer a product made in USA rather than made in China. If the manufacturer produces in Bangla desh it may more or less affect their images as some of the consumers believe that products from developed countries are much better than less-developed countries and therefore the image and reputation of the brand may suffer.Availability of Expertise: The availability of expertise is one of the factors that should be considered when organization seeks to manufacture overseas. Less developed countries may not provide the expertise in the fields required.Long Start Up Time: It is not easy for manufacturer to start up their manufacturing process. To manufacture in a smooth way requires time. It usually requires a considerable of long time start up and familiarize.3.0 Debt ; Equity Financing3.1 Equity FinancingEquity financing is a method to acquire capital that involves selling a partial interest in the company to investors (Brian 1990). In return of the money paid, shareholders receive ownership interests in the corporation (Brian 1990).3.1.1 Pros and Cons of Equity Financing3.1.2 Pr os of Equity FinancingThe advantages of equity finance are:Commitment of Funds: The funding is committed to the business and intended projects. Investors only realize their investment if the business is doing well (eg. through flotation or a sale to new investors).Vested Interest: Investors have the same interest that is to keep the business going on well and generate maximum profits which leads to an increase in the value of the business.Follow-up Funding: When business grows, investors are often prepared to provide follow-up funding.(Source of reference:businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?type=RESOURCES;itemId=1073789573)Wider Pool of Finance: When company is listed in stock exchanged, the company has the access to wider pool of finance.Quality Products: The owners will pay proper attention for improving the quality of products. The reason is the appropriate of quality product goes to them.No Interest Cost: No payment of interest for the funds provided by the shareholders. The cost of production remains low as there is no burden of interest.Earning Remains with the Firm: When funds provided by shareholders for improvement in the business are making profits, the earnings are remained with the owners. Earnings are not shared by the creditors.To Tide over Emergencies: Firm is in a better position to tide over recession period and other emergencies due to no burden of rate of interest.Ability to borrow: Borrowing ability is improved if the equity capital is financed well.(Source of Reference: blurtit.com/q303144.html)Sources of Skills and Experiences: Good investors can bring resources for the business. They can help one to get skilled people, right contacts to build the business. They might also help out with their own experience in the formation of the strategy or with decision making.No Obligation for Repayment: No obligation for the repayment of the finances in the initial phase of the business when the cash flow is quite slow. Whereas, in bank loans the re are severe obligations and penalties in case a business fails to generate monthly interests and make the monthly payments to the bank.(Sources of Reference:freewarefiles.com/techfi/Advantages_of_Equity_Financing.html)Pledge No Assets: Corporation does not have to pledge their assets as collateral to obtain equity investments.Availability of Cash: Business will have more cash available due to no debt payments have to be made.(Source of reference:http://forums.forbes.com/forbes/board/message?board.id=entreforum;message.id=399)3.1.3 Cons of Equity FinancingThe disadvantages of equity finance are:Costly and Time Consuming: Raising equity finance is costly and time-consuming. Business may suffer as times are devoted to the deal. Potential investors will seek background information on owner and his business and they will closely scrutinize past results and forecasts and will delve the management team.Interference in Management: The equity investors can interfere in the management of th e company and in addition they also have the voting rights which could influent the making of major decisions.Extra Effort to Provide Information: Founder will have to invest management time to provide regular information for the investor to monitor the situation of the business.Share Dilution: Founders share in the business will be diluted which means lessen in strength. Besides that, businesss profits will be shared by other equity investors.Legal and Regulatory Compliance: There can be legal and regulatory issues to comply with when raising finance (eg. when promoting investments).(Source of Reference;businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?type=RESOURCES;itemId=1073789573)Limitation of Control: Founders must give up some control of the business. If investors have different perceptions and ideas about the companys strategic direction or day-to-day operations, they can pose problems for the entrepreneur.(Source of Reference: answers.com/equity+Financing?cat=biz-fin)No Tax Deductio n: Dividend payments are not tax deductible.(Source of Reference:http://forums.forbes.com/forbes/board/message?board.id=entreforummessage.id=399)3.2 Debt FinancingAccording to (answers.com/debt+financing?cat=biz-fin) debt financing is a strategy that involves borrowing money from a lender or investor which the full amount will be repaid in the future usually with interest within a certain period. It asserted that it does not include any provision for ownership of the company. Debt financing has a prior claim on the company irrespective of the profits earned despite the company goes into liquidation (Joseph 2008).3.2.1 Pros and Cons of Debt Financing3.2.2 Pros of Debt FinancingMaintain ownership: The debt holder cannot interfere in the management of the company and they do not have the voting rights. Therefore, business can be run without outside interferenceTax deductions: Principal and interest payments on a business loan are classified as business expenses and thus tax deductible. It also lowers the actual cost of the loan to the company.Lower interest rate: There is a lower interest rate of debt financing when interest rate is lower than tax rate (where the business can take a loan and have a deduction on tax rather than high interest rate).(Source of Reference: http://entrepreneurs.about.com/od/financing/a/debtfinancing.htm)No Complex Procedures Required: Debt financing is easier to obtain than equity financing. Raising debt capital is less complicated because the company is not required to comply with state and federal securities laws and regulations.No Profits Sharing: Profits of company are not shared with the lenders who require capital appreciation and dividends on their investments.Forecasting: Interest and principal payments are typically a know amount that can be forecast.(Source of Reference: job-employment-guide.com/business-financing.html)No Extra Rewards: Debt holders are entitled only to repayment of the agreed-upon principal of the loan plus interest and have no direct claim on future profits of the business if the company has made extra profits.Saving Management Time: Company does not have to send periodic mailings to large numbers of investors, hold periodic meetings with shareholders and seek the vote of shareholders before taking certain actions.(Source of Reference: http://smallbusiness.findlaw.com/banking_financing/be1_5debtvsequity.html) David H. Schwartz3.2.3 Cons of Debt FinancingRepayment: Sole obligation to the lender is to make payments on time. If the business fails, the company still has to make payments. If business goes into bankruptcy, lenders will have claim to repayment before any equity investors.Impacts Credit Rating: It seems to be attractive to keep bringing on debt when company needs money, a practice known as levering up, but each loan will be noted on your credit rating. The more borrowings, the higher the risk to the lender and the higher interest rate the company will have to pay.Cash and Col lateral: The company is usually required to pledge assets of the company to the lender as collateral, and owners of the company are in some cases required to personally guarantee repayment of the loan.(Source of Reference:http://entrepreneurs.about.com/od/financing/a/debtfinancing.htm)Difficulty in Business Growth: Interest is a fixed cost which raises the companys break-even point. High interest costs during difficult financial periods can increase the risk of insolvency. Companies that have large amounts of debt as compared to equity often find it difficult to grow because of the high cost of servicing the debt.Restrictions on Activities: Debt instruments often contain restrictions on the companys activities, preventing management from pursuing alternative financing options and non-core business opportunities which results in losing of other investment opportunities.(Source of Reference:http://smallbusiness.findlaw.com/banking_financing/be1_5debtvsequity.html)3.3 Consideration Fac tors for Sources of FinanceEquity financing and debt financing is the option for a company that needs financing. Each company is unique and they have their own financing requirements and therefore, it is inappropriate to determine any one of the financing methods is the best option for companies. There are certain factors that a company needs to consider before choosing the right financing method:The size of the company: Larger companies may obtain financing by equity financing due to the needs of wider pool of finance for company growth (Joseph 2008). However for smaller companies, debt financing is much easier to obtain because its not easy to reach the status of public limited company and the issuance cost of equity finance is unaffordable by smaller companies (Joseph 2008).The ability to generate cash flow: This relies upon the operations of the company (Joseph 2008). If the company is able to generate enough cash flow, the company may seek debt financing because debt financing requires cash make frequent repayment of interest and principal (Joseph 2008).Any Restrictive Covenants: If the company is restricted by the lender from subsequent borrowings, equity financing is more appropriate due to the bindings against the company.The Cost of Financing: The cost of financing for debt financing is cheaper than equity financing due to the debt financer is exposed to lesser risk and he is entitled for prior claim in the companys profits and interest payable are tax deductible (which means actual cost of debt is lesser) (Joseph 2008).The Duration of Borrowing: The longer the duration, the interest rate charged on the borrower will be higher (Joseph 2008).The Current Gearing Level: If a company has a high gearing level, it is the best to go for equity financing whilst if a company has a low gearing level, they can go for debt financing (Joseph 2008).4.0 ConclusionNot every dividend policy suits a company. When deciding on how much dividend should be distributed to t heir investors, factors such as legal constraints, contractual constraints and etcetera have to considered to obtain the most suitable and appropriate dividend policy for better financing.Factors that affect dividend policy can be incorporated in several dividend theories such as residual dividends theory, clientele theory, signalling dividend theory, bird-in-the-hand theory and Modigliani Miller dividend theory. These theories can be classified into dividend relevance theory where its dividend policy will affect on companys value and cost of capital and dividend irrelevance theory where its dividend will not affect on companys value and cost of capital.Overseas manufacturing gains advantages such as cost savings and economies of scale. Inversely, it also has other effects such as no expertise available and also time consuming for starting a new factory.Companys capital structure can be financed through debt financing and equity financing. These are the strategies that a company ca n get its fund. However, these two strategies have their own advantages and disadvantages. When implementing any of those strategies, factors such as size of the company, ability to generate cash flow, current gearing level and other factors have to be considered in order to have the most suitable strategy to finance the organization.

4 interview mistakes youre making in the first ten minutes

4 interview mistakes youre making in the first ten minutes By: Biron Clark Most employers spend days or even weeks deciding if they want to hire you, but it only takes them a few seconds to rule you out. As an Executive Recruiter, I’ve seen first-hand some crucial missteps from interviewees that have cost them the job.Here are four overlooked interview mistakes that are costing you job offers in the first 10 minutes of your interview.You’re trying to decide mid-interview if you want the jobYou should have one goal in your interview – sell yourself and get invited to the next round in the process. Here’s where many job seekers go wrong: They start trying to decide if they want the job while also trying to sell them self and impress the interviewer.You can gather facts and ask questions to find out about the role (in fact you absolutely should), but never try to decide mid-interview if you’re interested or not. You’ll be distracted and won’t sell yourself as effectively.I’ve seen this hap pen over and over as a Recruiter with the people I’ve coached and helped.For example, you might hear something that worries you about the job, and your energy level will drop. You might stop trying to impress them. Later in the interview, you might hear  a few great things and decide you are interested, but it’s too late – you didn’t seem excited about most of the interview and they’re not going to invite you to continue.It’s better to get invited to continue interviewing at companies you’re not interested in than lose a single job offer you wanted because of this mistake. Wait until you’re home to decide whether you are interested in their job.You don’t seem confidentPeople gather a first impression visually before anything else. Within the first one or two seconds of seeing you, the interviewer is judging you – even if they don’t realize it. By the time you’ve followed them down the hallway and s at down with them, they’ve already gathered a strong impression of you – whether it’s positive or negative.This is the importance of a good handshake, posture and overall body language.This isn’t something you can turn on-and-off at will; especially when you’re tense and nervous in an interview. So start thinking about body language in everyday conversations to prepare for your interviews. Try to keep your shoulders back and your head up straight. When you sit down, avoid tapping your hands or feet or doing anything else that will distract the interviewer. Practice maintaining eye contact before your interview too, especially while talking (most people find it easy to hold eye contact while listening, but much more difficult while talking).Finally, make sure to show confidence in your abilities and your expertise when answering their questions.You’re the expert in your field of work. If not, why would they hire you?So show them you have grea t ideas to contribute and are ready to make an impact and use what you know to help them. This is what top employers look for.You’re worrying if the interviewer likes you or notPeople ask me all the time, â€Å"how will I know if my interview is going well?† Here’s what I tell them: Don’t try.Always assume it’s going well and the company is interested in you. If you start to worry, you’ll lose confidence and then you will do badly (even if you were doing fine before). Some interviewers are friendly to everyone, even if they have no interest in hiring you. Other interviewers show little or no emotion even if they think you’re the perfect fit for them.So stop worrying, and just assume you’re giving great answers from start to finish. It’ll be one less thing to worry about and will make your answers come out better.You didn’t ask enough questionsNow, you might be thinking, â€Å"hold on, Biron. I thought this articl e was about the first 10 minutes of the interview. I’m supposed to ask my questions at the end, right?†That’s correct, but you should also ask questions throughout the interview.Asking questions and gathering information shows them you’re confident in your ability to find a job, and picky about which employer you choose to work for (both good things!) So you want to mix questions into the conversation naturally, rather than waiting for them to invite you to do it. The simplest way to do this is to end some of your answers with a question directed back at them.Here’s an example of how this might look:Interviewer: â€Å"Why do you think you’re a good fit for this job?†You: â€Å"Well, my biggest strength is in financial reporting, and from the job description, it seems like that’s an area you need help with right now. Is that right? And if so, can you tell me a little more about the team’s needs?†Interviewer: â€Å" Yes, that’s right. Our biggest expert just retired and we don’t have enough people to do the work. We also need to make our reporting processes far more efficient.†You: â€Å"Very interesting! My last company actually had a pretty inefficient reporting process when I joined three years ago and I worked with them to improve it. Do you have a sense of where the process can be improved most?†This creates a natural dialogue where you can share your knowledge and start to be seen as an expert. You don’t need to do this with every question, but try to do it once within the first 10 minutes, and two or three times in each interview.If you follow the advice above, you’ll stick in employers’ minds and make them much more likely to hire you.  About the author: Biron is a career advice author, Founder of CareerSidekick.com, and former Executive Recruiter for more than 40 companies, including venture-funded tech startups  and Fortune 500 compa nies across the US and Europe.

EMAIL PRIVACY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

EMAIL PRIVACY - Essay Example Currently, email dominates modern communication. In fact, the survey that was conducted by the Forrester Research Inc. shows that 98 percent of companies with over one thousand employees have internet access. All the companies with internet access use email as the main form of communication at the organization. Email is a very new concept in communication, and it is rapidly gaining popularity. According to Cliffon (2005), it is estimated that in America, up to 1.5 billion emails are exchanged annually. Email Privacy Most people are of the view that since the emails are more personal, they provide a good platform for people to discuss personal issues. This is never the case in most cases; in fact, emails have made communication to be less personal since privacy in communication through emails or telephones is easily compromised. It is always very hard to write personal things on the email because a third party may see them; hence, emails are greatly compromised in terms of privacy. Ac cording to Cliffon (2005), the hackers are able to crack passwords for emails and, therefore, get access to personal information of others. Hacking presents a very precarious situation because hackers may get access to critical information such as credit number of an individual or even password for an individual’s bank account thereby defrauding individuals of their lifetime investments. The internet is highly susceptible to malicious attacks. The process of composing an email to the time that it reaches the final user exposes information to several electronic dangers. Despite this reality, many people are usually oblivious of the many privacy flaws they are exposed to when dealing with email. Crawford (2008) says that most individuals tend to think that the one layer email protection by the use of password is always sufficient to guarantee email privacy yet the one layer password protection is not sufficient to protect the content of personal or business email. Privacy Risks Due to the apparent privacy hitches in email communication, users of email are exposed to a number of risks. The reason for this is that email is highly susceptible to both active and passive attacks. Passive threats vary from traffic analysis and release of message contents. On the other hand, active threats include replay, masquerade, and altering of the contents of the message. Currently, most emails are transmitted unencrypted and this presents the danger that some unscrupulous individuals other than the designated recipient can gain access to content of the email. Such unscrupulous individuals usually have some tools that they use to gain access to the contents of the email (Quigley, 2011). The idea of traffic analysis presents the danger of evading email privacy. Traffic analysis is a routine surveillance by government through monitoring of emails as a measure to counter terrorism as well a thwart any form of political eavesdropping or espionage. In as much as traffic analysi s is justified on security grounds, this approach compromises on the privacy of emails since through the process, access to the private email messages of individuals or corporate is gained. The other potential risk with regard to email privacy is the possibility of altering and modification of the contents of the email. Using spoofing tools, unscrupulous individual can intercept an email message on transit or storage and then modify the contents of such messages. Rao and Upadhyaya (2009) argue that the other potential risk of email privacy is the issue of masquerading; it is possible for an individual to send an email in the name of another person or any corporation. Moreover, it is worth noting that email messages can be resend to individuals more

Case Project Assignemnts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Project Assignemnts - Assignment Example The project entailed performing the following instructions as stated in the task details. In this particular section, Adobe Acrobat version 8.0 was used given that the version 6.0 and 7.0 has been rendered obsolete for higher versions of windows. The snapshots below showcase the procedure: The procedure requires saving the file in a PDF version that is later opened by the adobe acrobat software. Once this is done the subsequent procedures are showcased below to aid in the creation of a digital certificate key. Experience and Findings: The course of generating a personal digital certificate is relatively simple given the instructive procedure displayed in the coursework assignment. Adobe Acrobat 8.0 pro avails the features for creating a digital certificate quite easily and ensuring its security by storing it on the Windows certificate store. Additionally, managing the certificates has been made easier by the available personal certificate management feature on the acrobat file setting dialogue box. The project entails the exchange of public keys and e-mail messages with your colleagues. The procedure requires the installation of the PGP desktop encryption client which is readily available in the website – pgp.com. Please make sure you have outlook configured and connected to a Microsoft exchange server before implementing the PGP. Experience and Findings: The PGP program provides an easy install and configuration dialogue box that easily connects to the Microsoft outlook program to enable you encrypt your files and informative data alike emails sent within an organization. The assistant console helps one generate keys easily and that can be emails to classmates, recipients or colleagues as can be viewed on the above dialogue box option. Intrusion detection systems provide the needed support for system administrators to efficiently

Civil War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Civil War - Research Paper Example Revolution is actually a change whereby legitimacy of one system is terminated and another originated within the same society, however, this change may not necessarily brought about by force or violence. History narrates the stories of several important revolutions e.g. revolutions in England and France of 1688 and 1848 respectively had not observed any military conflict. Scope of civil war is broad and it may accompany revolution, but in the great French Revolution, it only played a secondary part. Like revolution, civil war can also be distinguished from insurrection, which is a struggle from the bottom up, an uprising of a more or less politically unorganized group against an established authority. Civil war is horizontal, insurrection vertical, conflict which may result in huge numbers of fatalities and ineffective use of valuable resources (Hironaka, 2005, p.3). Classifications of Civil Wars The concept of war is as old as the human being is attached to religion, politics, and s ocial reforms. Likewise, civil wars may also be classified in terms of these three aspects i.e. religion, political or strategic objectives, and social reforms. The rise of Protestantism caused a whole series of religious civil wars between 1550 and 1648. The civil wars in England between during the years 1641 to 1651, in the United States from 1861 to 1865, and in China from 1921 to1928, were political. The history of ancient Greece and Rome shows a whole series of social civil wars between rich and poor, aristocrats and plebians. The Russian civil war from 1918 to1921was primarily a social war between the upper class on the one hand and the city proletariat aided by the peasants on the other. Religious civil wars have usually been very bloody and ruthless. Social civil wars tend to resemble them in this respect; while political civil wars are commonly humane, as years ago. The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) primarily fought in Germany was indescribably ferocious; the recent civil wa r in Russia was marked by much cruelty; while the American Civil War was comparatively well controlled (Hironaka, 2005). Characteristics of Different Civil Wars The character of civil war varies considerably according to the type of political organization in the country in which it occurs. In unitary states civil war is likely to be amateurish and bungling in its early stages. The old government is weakened by the withdrawal of large numbers of its trained personnel, who then proceed to improvise an opposition government which does not at first function very efficiently. The English civil war of 1641 to 1651 and the American Civil War are cases in point (Keegan, 2009). In federated states, civil war closely resembles international war. Here organized functional governments already exist and the task of generating a civil war between them is relatively simple, especially when the nature of the federal bond approximates a league rather than a closer union. The Thirty Years War, the Wa r of the Sonderbund in Switzerland in 1848, and the American Civil War afford varying instructions of the nature of the civil conflict in federated states. In his second inaugural address, Abraham Lincoln said â€Å"slavery was some how cause of the war† (Brook and Nurphy, 2009). Civil wars in colonial states are in general much like civil

What is the Effect of Video Games on Society?

What is the Effect of Video Games on Society? Is playing video games great or terrible? It might be both. Video games are scowled upon by parents as time-wasters, and more regrettable, some training specialists imagine that these diversions degenerate the cerebrum. Violent video games are effectively faulted by the media and a few specialists as the motivation behind why some youngsters get vicious or submit compelling against social conduct. But numerous researchers and therapists find that video games can really have numerous profits – the principle one is making children keen. Video games might really show kids large amount of thinking aptitudes that they will require later in their lives. Video games change your brain, according to University of Wisconsin psychologist C. Shawn Green. Playing video games change the brain’s physical structure the same way as do learning to read, playing the piano, or navigating using a map. Much like activity can fabricate muscle, the effective synthesis of fixation and compensating surges of neurotransmitters like dopamine reinforce neural circuits that can build the brain. Below are the good and bad effects of video games, according to researchers and child experts: Positive Effects of Video Games When a person plays video games, it gives the persons brain a real workout. In many video games, the skills required to win involve abstract and high level thinking. These skills are not even taught at school. Some of the mental skills enhanced by video games include: -Following instructions -Problem solving and logic When kids play games such as The Incredible Machine, Angry Birds or Cut The Rope, they train their brain to come up with creative ways to solve puzzles and other problems in short bursts Hand-eye coordination, fine motor and spatial skills In shooting games, the character may be running and shooting at the same time. This requires the real-world player to keep track of the position of the character, where he/she is heading, their speed, where the gun is aiming, if the gunfire is hitting the enemy, and so on. All these factors need to be taken into account, and then the player must then coordinate the brains interpretation and reaction with the movement in their hands and fingertips. This process requires a great deal of eye-hand coordination and visual-spatial ability to be successful. Research also suggests that people can learn iconic, spatial, and visual attention skills from video games. There have been even studies with adults showing that experience with video games is related to better surgical skills. Also, a reason given by experts as to why fighter pilots of today are more skillful is that this generation’s pilots are being weaned on video games. Planning, resource management and logistics The player learns to manage resources that are limited, and decide the best use of resources, the same way as in real life. This skill is honed in strategy games such as SimCity, Age of Empires, and Railroad Tycoon. Notably, The American Planning Association, the trade association of urban planners and Maxis, the game creator, have claimed that SimCity has inspired a lot of its players to take a career in urban planning and architecture. Multitasking, simultaneous tracking of many shifting variables and managing multiple objectives In strategy games, for instance, while developing a city, an unexpected surprise like an enemy might emerge. This forces the player to be flexible and quickly change tactics. Quick thinking, making fast analysis and decisions. S ometimes the player does this almost every second of the game giving the brain a real workout. According to researchers at the University of Rochester, led by Daphne Bavelier, a cognitive scientist, games simulating stressful events such as those found in battle or action games could be a training tool for real-world situations. The study suggests that playing action video games primes the brain to make quick decisions. Video games can be used to train soldiers and surgeons, according to the study. Importantly, decisions made by action-packed video game players are no less accurate. According to  Bavelier, Action game players make more correct decisions per unit time. If you are a surgeon or you are in the middle of a battlefield, that can make all the difference. Accuracy Action games, according to a  study by the University of Rochester, train the brains of players to make faster decisions without losing accuracy. In today’s world, it is important to move quickly without sacrificing accuracy. Strategy and anticipation Steven Johnson, author of Everything Bad is Good For You: How Todays Popular Culture is Actually Making Us Smarter, calls this telescoping. Gamers must deal with immediate problems while keeping their long-term goals on their horizon. Situational awareness Defense News reported that the Army include video games to train soldiers improve their situational awareness in combat. Many strategy games also require players to become mindful of sudden situational changes in the game and adapt accordingly. Developing reading and math skills Young gamers force themselves to read to get instructions, follow storylines of games, and get information from the game texts. Also, using math skills is important to win in many games that involves quantitative analysis like managing resources. Perseverance In higher levels of a game, players usually fail the first time around, but they keep on trying until they succeed and move on to the next level. Pattern recognition Games have internal logic in them, and players figure it out by recognizing patterns. Estimating skills Inductive reasoning and hypothesis testing   James Paul Gee, professor of education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, says that playing a video game is similar to working through a science problem. Like students in a laboratory, gamers must come up with a hypothesis. For example, players in some games constantly try out combinations of weapons and powers to use to defeat an enemy. If one does not work, they change hypothesis and try the next one. Video games are goal-driven experiences, says Gee, which are fundamental to learning. Mapping Gamers use in-game maps or build maps on their heads to navigate around virtual worlds. Memory   Playing first person shooter games such as Call of Duty and Battlefield series enables players to effectively judge what information should be stored in their working memory and what can be discarded considering the task at hand, according to a study published in the Psychological Research. Concentration   A study conducted by the Appalachia Educational Laboratory reveal that children with attention-deficit disorder who played Dance Dance Revolution improve their reading scores by helping them concentrate. Improved ability to rapidly and accurately recognize visual information A study from Beth Israel Medical Center NY, found a direct link between skill at video gaming and skill at keyhole, or laparoscopic, surgery. Taking risks Winning in any game involves a players courage to take risks. Most games do not reward players who play safely. Teamwork and cooperation when played with others Many multiplayer games such as Team Fortress 2 involve cooperation with other online players in order to win. These games encourage players to make the most of their individual skills to contribute to the team. According to a survey by Joan Ganz Cooney Center, teachers report that their students become better collaborators after using digital games in the classroom. Management Management simulation games such as Rollercoaster Tycoon and Zoo tycoon teach players to make management decisions and manage the effective use of finite resources. Other games such as Age of Empires and Civilization even simulate managing the course of a civilization. -Simulation, real world skills The most well known simulations are flight simulators, which attempt to mimic the reality of flying a plane. All of the controls, including airspeed, wing angles, altimeter, and so on, are displayed for the player, as well as a visual representation of the world, and are updated in real time. -Video games help children with dyslexia read faster and with better accuracy, according to a study by the journalCurrent Biology. In addition, Spatial and temporal attention also improved during action video game training. Attentional improvement can directly translate into better reading abilities. Release of Aggression and Frustration. Violent video games may act as a release of pent-up aggression and frustration. When a person vents his frustration and anger in his game, this diffuses his stress. Games can provide a positive aggression outlet the same way as football and other violent sports. -A 2013 study by the Berlin’s Max Planck Institute for Human Development and St. Hedwig-Hospital found a significant gray matter increase in the right hippocampus, the right prefrontal cortex and the cerebellum of those who played Super Mario 64 for 30 minutes a day over two months. These regions of the brain are crucial for spatial navigation, strategic planning, working memory and motor performance. Indeed, the increased gray matter in these parts of the brain is positively correlated with better memory. Decreased gray matter is correlated with bipolar disorder and dementia. Whats also striking is that those who enjoyed playing the game has a more pronounced gain in gray matter volume. Thestudysuggests that video game training could be used to counteract known risk factors for smaller hippocampus and prefrontal cortex volume in, for example, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and neurodegenerative disease. Negative Effects of Video Games Most of the bad effects of video games are blamed on the violence they contain. Children who play more violent video games are more likely to have increased aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and decreased prosocial helping, according to a scientific study (Anderson Bushman, 2001). The effect of video game violence in kids is worsened by the games’ interactive nature. In many games, kids are rewarded for being more violent. The act of violence is done repeatedly. The child is in control of the violence and experiences the violence in his own eyes (killings, kicking, stabbing and shooting). This active participation, repetition and reward are effective tools for learning behavior. Indeed, many studies seem to indicate that violent video games may be related to aggressive behavior (such as Anderson Dill, 2000; Gentile, Lynch Walsh, 2004). However, the evidence is not consistent and this issue is far from settled. Many experts including Henry Jenkins of Massachusett s Institute of Technology have noted that there is a decreased rate of juvenile crime whch coincides with the popularity of games such as Death Race, Mortal Kombat, Doom and Grand Theft auto. He concludes that teenage players are able to leave the emotional effects of the game behind when the game is over. Indeed there are cases of teenagers who commit violent crimes who also spend great amount of time playing video games such as those involved in the Columbine and Newport cases. It appears that there will always be violent people, and it just so happen that many of them also enjoy playing violent video games. Too much video game playing makes your kid socially isolated. Also, he may spend less time in other activities such as doing homework, reading, sports, and interacting with the family and friends. Some video games teach kids the wrong values. Violent behavior, vengeance and aggression are rewarded. Negotiating and other nonviolent solutions are often not options. Women are often portrayed as weaker characters that are helpless or sexually provocative. Games can confuse reality and fantasy. Academic achievement may be negatively related to over-all time spent playing video games. Studies have shown that the more time a kid spends playing video games, the poorer is his performance in school. (Anderson Dill, 2000; Gentile, Lynch Walsh, 2004). A study by Argosy Universitys Minnesota School on Professional Psychology found that video game addicts argue a lot with their teachers, fight a lot with their friends, and score lower grades than others who play video games less often. Other studies show that many game players routinely skip their homework to play games, and many students admitted that their video game habits are often responsible for poor school grades. Although some studies suggest that playing video games enhances a child’s concentration, other studies, such as a 2012 paper published inPsychology of Popular Media Culture, have found that games can hurt and help childrens attention issues — improving the ability to concentrate in short bursts but damaging long-term concentration. Video games may also have bad effects on some children’s health, including obesity, video-induced seizures. and postural, muscular and skeletal disorders, such as tendonitis, nerve compression, carpal tunnel syndrome. When playing online, your kid can pick up bad language and behavior from other people, and may make your kid vulnerable to online dangers. A study by the Minneapolis-based National Institute for Media and the Family suggests that video games can be addictive for kids, and that the kids addiction to video games increases their depression and anxiety levels. Addicted kids also exhibit social phobias. Not surprisingly, kids addicted to video games see their school performance suffer. Kids spending too much time playing video games may exhibit impulsive behavior and have attention problems. This is according to a new study published in the February 2012 issue of the Journal of Psychology and Popular Media Culture. For the study, attention problems were defined as difficulty engaging in or sustaining behavior to reach a goal. When Im talking to people about why video games matter, I like to quote one of Woody Allens finest pieces of advice: Eighty percent of life is showing up. More than almost anything else, showing up matters. You cant find your talent for football if you never touch a ball. You cant make friends if you avoid other people. You cant get the job if you dont apply. Youll never write that screenplay if you dont start typing. Games are about everyone showing up. In classrooms full of students who range from brilliant to sullen disaffection, its games and often games alone that Ive seen engage every single person in the room. For some, the right kind of play can spell the difference between becoming part of something, and the lifelong feeling that theyre not meant to take part. Why is this? Video games are a special kind of play, but at root theyre about the same things as other games: embracing particular rules and restrictions in order to develop skills and experience rewards. When a game is well-designed, its the balance between these factors that engages people on a fundamental level. Play precedes civilization. It spans continents and generations. Its how we naturally learn the most basic mechanical and social skills and how, at its best, we can build a safe space for discovering more about ourselves. During her talk, Jane McGonigal discusses the top five regrets that people express at the end of their lives. People dont long for money, status or marble monuments. They wish theyd worked less hard, been better at staying in touch with friends, and more fully expressed their hopes and true selves. They wish they had shown up for more of the stuff that truly matters and one of the things that games like Janes do is create structures and incentives to help people focus on these things while they still have time. Some people are suspicious of any attempt to manufacture this kind of experience and I can understand why. Ispokeat TED Global 2010 about the ways that video games engage the brain, and in particular the idea of reward structures: how a challenge or task can be broken down and presented to make it as engaging as possible. This can seem a slightly sinister idea: a manipulation that replaces genuine experience with boxes to tick and hoops to jump through. At worst, you end up with a jumble of badges and achievements dumped on top of a task in a misguided effort to make it fun. From exam grading to health education to professional training to democratic participation, paths towards self-realization and success in the world are often daunting and obscure: journeys only the privileged feel confident setting off along. Tom Chatfield Yet the best games and the lessons to be learned from them are far more than this. The world is already full of systems aimed at measuring, motivating and engaging us. And most of them are, by the standards of great games, simply not good enough. From exam grading to health education to professional training to democratic participation, paths towards self-realization and success in the world are often daunting and obscure: journeys only the privileged feel confident setting off along. If theres one lesson we should take from games, its that we can make this first step vastly easier and more accessible and can, given sufficient care, prompt people of all backgrounds and abilities towards richer living. This isnt to say that its easy, obvious, or that games embody any royal road towards contentment. What modernitys potent mix of play and technology does offer, though, is an unprecedented opportunity to know ourselves better and, in doing so, to master our regrets before they become our destinies.